Novatel OM-20000077 Height Relationships, Control Segment, User Segment, Appendix G GPS Overview

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Appendix G

GPS Overview

(Precision) which is encrypted for military and other authorized users. The L2 carrier is modulated only with the P code.

G.1.2 The Control Segment

The control segment consists of a master control station, five base stations and three data up-loading stations in locations all around the globe.

The base stations track and monitor the satellites via their broadcast signals. The broadcast signals contain the ephemeris data of the satellites, the ranging signals, the clock data and the almanac data. These signals are passed to the master control station where the ephemerides are re-computed. The resulting ephemerides corrections and timing corrections are transmitted back to the satellites through the data up-loading stations.

G.1.3 The User Segment

The user segment, such as the NovAtel receiver, consists of equipment which tracks and receives the satellite signals. The user equipment must be capable of simultaneously processing the signals from a minimum of four satellites to obtain accurate position, velocity and timing measurements.

G.2 Height Relationships

What is a geoid?

An equipotential surface is any surface where gravity is constant. This surface best represents mean sea-level and not only covers the water but is projected throughout the continents. In North America this surface is most commonly used at its zero value, i.e. all heights are referenced to this surface.

What is an ellipsoid?

An ellipsoid, also known as a spheroid, is a mathematical surface which is sometimes used to represent the earth. Whenever you see latitudes and longitudes describing the location, this coordinate is being referenced to a specific ellipsoid. GPS positions are referred to an ellipsoid known as WGS84 (World Geodetic System of 1984).

What is the relationship between a geoid and an ellipsoid?

The relationship between a geoid and an ellipsoid is shown in “Illustration of Receiver Height Measurements” on Page 69.

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SUPERSTAR II User Manual Rev 3

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Contents Superstar Proprietary Notice Table of Contents Appendices Tables Figures Software License Software License Firmware Updates Contact InformationElectrostatic Discharge CE Notice Warranty Policy Related Publications Congratulations ScopeRelated Publications Introduction Superstar II GPS CardFlexPak-SSII Introduction ChapterChapter Introduction Receiver Specifications Physical CharacteristicsSystem Architecture Radio Frequency RF SectionEnclosure and Wiring Harness Principal Power SupplyOptional LNA Power Supply GPS AntennaInstallation Typical System Configuration Reference DescriptionChapter Installation Electrostatic DischargeEquipment Interconnection Serial ConnectionInstallation Considerations Power ConnectionInstallation Chapter Antenna LocationConnectors and Connector Pins Assignment 1 J1 Interface and Power ConnectorData Link Base Station and Rover Units SeparationRF Connector J2 Serial Data InterfacePreamplifier Power Pass-Through Antenna Supply Protocol Selection and Non Volatile MemoryMemory Back-Up RF InputUse of Discretes Discretes IP2 and IP3 functionsNon-Volatile Memory Data Default ConfigurationNon Volatile Memory Installation Overview Description ReferenceTypical Operational Configuration Reference Description OperationSerial Port Default Settings Communications with the ReceiverGetting Started Operation ChapterPower-Up Information Boot InformationOperational Information Chapter OperationReceiver States Configurable ParametersData Requests Self-Test Mode Dead-Reckoning Mode Built-In Status TestsDatum Support RTCM1 Differential GPS Corrections Fixed Message FormatsRTCM-Format Messages Chapter Message Formats RTCM2 Delta Differential GPS Corrections FixedRTCM9 Partial Satellite Set Differential Corrections Nmea Format Data Messages Message Formats ChapterSingle-Point or Autonomous GPS System ErrorsPositioning Modes of Operation Satellite-Based Augmentation System Sbas Positioning Modes of Operation ChapterChapter Positioning Modes of Operation Sbas ReceiverSbas Messages Positioning Modes of Operation Chapter Troubleshooting Cable Lengths Vs. GainTroubleshooting Chapter Superstar II Family Performance Technical SpecificationsAppendix a Technical Specifications Appendix a Output MessagesAppendix a Technical Specifications Mechanical DrawingConnector Pin Assignment J1 Interfaces and Power Connector Pin Assignment3 I/O Electrical Characteristics O Signals Voltage LimitsFlexPak-SSII Specifications Appendix BStatus Indicators Appendix B FlexPak-SSII SpecificationsFlexPak Status Indicators Port Pin-OutsCables FlexPak-SSII Specifications Appendix BAutomobile Power Adapter Cable NovAtel part number 3.2 13-Pin Deutsch to DB9 Serial Cable NovAtel part number FlexPak 13-Pin Serial CableSetup and Operation Normal SetupDevelopment Kit DescriptionDgps Setup with the FlexPak-SSII Differential GPS SetupStarView Software Installation Antenna Specifications Coaxial Cable SpecificationsAppendix C Cable SelectionAntenna Specifications Appendix C Geodetic Active AntennaAntenna Gain Depending on Cable Length Required Typical Current Consumption Versus Antenna GainAppendix C Antenna Specifications Active AntennaPassive Antenna Recommended Geodetic Active AntennasPassive Antenna Specifications Patch Element GPS Antenna 201-990146-716 MCX, +12 dBGPS Antenna 201-990147-606 +26 dB Antenna Specifications Appendix C Appendix D Standards/ReferencesAppendix E Ttff and Satellite AcquisitionTime-To-First-Fix Ttff Re-AcquisitionUtility Installation Appendix FUpdating Receiver Firmware System RequirementsUpdating Receiver Firmware Appendix F Starting Software and Options UpdateRegistration Key Accepted Programming Success Appendix F Updating Receiver FirmwareAppendix G GPS OverviewGPS System Design Space SegmentHeight Relationships Control SegmentUser Segment Appendix G GPS OverviewGPS Positioning GPS Overview Appendix GSingle-Point vs. Relative Positioning Accuracy versus Precision1Real-time vs. Post-mission Data Processing MultipathStatic vs. Kinematic Positioning Why Does Multipath Occur? Consequences of Multipath ReceptionHardware Solutions For Multipath Reduction Antenna Site SelectionGPS Signal Multipath vs. Increased Antenna Height Antenna DesignsGPS Overview Appendix G Appendix H Glossary of TermsGlossary of Terms Appendix H Appendix H Glossary of Terms Glossary of Terms Appendix H Appendix AcronymsAcronyms Appendix Appendix Acronyms Index GEO, Sbas IndexIndex Index OM-20000077 Rev 2004/03/11