Epson FX 267

Temperature, 329 Test

automatic, 35-36

for seven-bit system, 309 Top of form, 31-33, 103-104

CHR$(12) sends the paper to top of form. ESCape “C” resets it to current paper position. ESCape “@” resets form length to default and sets top of form to current line.

with skip-over-perforation, 109 See also Reset Code

Tractor

built-in, 24-28cover, 14, 19 removable, 14-15, 28-31

Troubleshooting, 301-315 TRS-80, 38, 40, 307-309, 313 Type style chart, 317

U

Up arrow. See Exponent character Underline Mode, 70-72

ESCape “-1” turns underline on; ESCape “-0” turns it off. Unidirectional Mode, 83-85

ESCape “U1” activates it; ESCape “U0” turns it off. ESCape “<" turns it on for one line only.

User-defined characters, 199-213

ESCape “&“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3) defines characters. ESCape “:“CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2)CHR$(n3) downloads ROM characters into RAM.

attribute byte, 203-205

compared to ROM characters, 199 control codes as characters, 208-211 DIP switch setting for, 200 double-high and double-wide, 215-223 downloading, 207

Reset code with, 207 troubleshooting, 303

V

Vertical tabs. See Tabs, vertical

250

Contents

Page FCC COMPLIANCE STATEMENT FOR AMERICAN USERS Copyright© 1984 by Epson America, Inc Torrance, California Preface PR#1 30 FOR D=1 TO 17: PRINT "ROW";D would become: 39 FOR D=1 TO LPRINT CHR$(27);CHR$(52) 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"G";"DOUBLE-STRIKEPRINT with: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"GDOUBLE-STRIKEPRINT When the presence of one or more blank spaces in a program line is SAMPLE STRING Yˆ2 When we refer to an FX mode by name, we capitalize it: Compressed Mode Italic Mode Pica Mode FX Series Printer User’s Manual Volume 1 Contents Conventions Used in This Manual List Figures 2BASIC and the Printer BASIC Communications Character strings BASIC print commands ASCII and BASIC basics Special Printing Features International Immediate-PrintMode (FX-80only) Line Spacing and Line Feeds Forms Margins and Tabs Margins and pitches Right Variable horizontal tabs 10 Introduction to Dot Graphics 12 Design Your Own Graphics Planning 13 Plotter Graphics 14Symmetrical Graphics Patterns 15User-DefinedCharacters Combining User-DefinedCharacters Giant Letters: Double High and Double Wide Business Application 999 REM: The End List of Figures Page Page Page List of Tables Introduction •Program debugging mode (hexadecimal dump of codes received from the computer) •Fast print speed-160characters per second-forrapid processing of documents •2K print buffer for smooth operation •Adjustable tractor unit for narrow forms Inside the Printer Inside This Manual can Page Page Page Page Programmer’s Easy Lesson 70FOR X=1 TO 11: READ D: LPRINT G-K@(D);:NEXT 90FOR X=1 TO N: LPRINT CHR$(95);: NEXT X: LPRINT E$"A"CHR$(6) Page Figure Easy-2.Ticket to success Ticket Program Description 30 Uses the ESCape ":” sequence to copy the entire ROM character set into RAM 40 Designates RAM as the source for the active character set 50 Prepares the printer to redefine characters “0” through “:“ 80 Turns on the Unidirectional Print Mode 120 Prints another line of borders 150 Produces two more border lines and 2 produces the top of the 180 Prints the bottom half of the FX letters 190Turns OFF the codes, prints PRINTERS in Subscript, then prints a border Page Chapter The FX Printers Page Page Additional Supplies and Accessories The following items may be purchased separately from your Epson dealer: Printer cable or interface kit Printer paper Ribbon cartridge replacement Printer Preparation Note: The printer should be turned OFF during all set-upoperations Paper separator Covers Manual-feedknob DIP switches Page Figure 1-9.DIP switch location Figure 2-20.DIP switch factory settings Ribbon installation Paper Loading FX-80: built-intractor feed Page Figure 1-12.Printer readied for paper insertion for •Remove the center protective lid Figure 1-13.Pin feeder adjustment Figure 1-14.Loading the FX-80 FX-80and FX-100:friction feed FX-80and FX-100:removable tractor unit (optional on the FX-80) Figure 1-16.Tractor unit installation Figure 1-17.Hook and stud Figure 1-18. Adjusting the pin feeders Top-of-formposition Paper-thicknesslever Starting Up Figure 1-19.Top of form Page Control panel The FX tests itself Figure 1-22.Sample automatic test BASIC and the Printer Command Computer Character strings BASIC print commands Activating commands Computer 10 LPRINT CHR$(193) ASCII and BASIC basics Control codes ASCII code Escape-CHR$(27)-andother CHR$ commands 20 LPRINT "ITALIC CHARACTER SET Change Commands Reset Code Mode cancelling codes DELete and CANcel 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)“4” 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"5"; Now use RUN to make sure that both ESCape sequences work as before You can also shorten your programs by storing the ESCape code in Summary control Here are the DIP switches that we mentioned in this chapter: Switch Controls the beeper printer spaces at the end of a print line CHR$(7) Print Pitches Main columns Intermediate positions Pica and Elite Modes PICA PICA PITCH IS THE NORMAL PRINT WIDTH Compressed Mode 2Ø LPRINT CHR$(15)"COMPRESSED MODE IS SET WITH CHR$(15) 3Ø LPRINT "IT WILL STAY ON UNTIL YOU CANCEL IT" 4Ø LPRINT CHR$(l8)"PICA AGAIN Mode priorities Expanded Mode 40 LPRINT "CONTINUOUSLY WITH ESCAPE W 50 LPRINT CHR$(27)"W"CHR$(0) Figure 3-7.Pica and Expanded letters Multiple print pitches on one line LPRINT "YOU CAN MIX: 20 LPRINT "PICAP LPRINT CHR$(20)CHR$(27)"M AND ELITEP Page Table 3-1. Summary of print pitches Print Quality Double-StrikeMode Emphasized Mode 40 LPRINT CHR$(27)"GCOMBINED THEY CAN'T BE BEAT Proportional Mode "!!!!!PROPORTIONAL OFF !!!!!PROPORTIONAL OFF CHR$(112)“0” Mixing Modes the printer will prove that Double-Strikehas been turned on all the time Add lines 30 and 50, and make some changes to line 70: 30 LPRINT CHR$(27)"G"; 50 LPRINT "WHEN PROPORTIONAL GOES 70 LPRINT "!!!!!!!!!!!!!OFF, DOUBLE-STRIKECAN COME ON !!!!!!!!!!!!PROPORTIONAL ON WHEN PROPORTIONAL GOES Type of mode Mode name Allows you to change the weight default from Single-Striketo Emphasized Here are the commands that we introduced in this chapter: Page Dress-UpModes and Master Select Underline Mode CHR$(27)"-"CHR$(1)or CHR$(27)"-"CHR$(0)or UNDERLINING IS SIMPLE TO TURN ON/OFF 30 LPRINT Script Modes: Super and Sub Italic Mode Master Select 160 DATA 32,33,36,40,-1,-1,48,49,52,56,-1,-1 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"-1"CHR$(27)"S0"CHR$(27)"4"; 8 SNGL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED PICA 1 6 D O U B L E - S T R I K E P I C A 24DEL-STRIKE EMPHASIZED PICA PICA 3 2 S I N G L E - S T R I K E E X P A N D E D P I C A 36 SINGLE-STRIKEEXPANDED COMPRESSED 4 0 S N G L 4 8 D O U B L E - S T R I K E E X P A N D E D P I C A Master Select combinations Page Page Here are the commands that we introduced in this chapter CHR$(27) “-1” CHR$(27)“-0” CHR$(27)“S1” Turns Underline Mode ON Page Special Printing Features Overstrikes 50 LPRINT CHR$(18)"BACKSPACES" ' Compressed off 40) 30 LPRINT "BACKSPACE"CHR$(15); Unidirectional Mode 20 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(40) 124) CHR$(27)“U0” 40 FOR X=1 TO 10: LPRINT CHR$(27)"<"CHR$(124): 50 FOR X=1 TO 12: READ ARRAY(X): NEXT DATA READ C$: LPRINT C$CHR$(137)CHR$(14); FOR X=1 TO 12: LPRINT CHR$(ARRAY(X)) 100 NEXT X: LPRINT CHR$(27)"5": NEXT Y Table 6-3.International characters in Italic typeface Country Switch Switch Half-SpeedMode Immediate-PrintMode (FX-80only) = Sweden = Italy = Spain 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"i1 And RUN the program. Your FX-80responds to your typing-imme-diately Here are this chapter’s commands: CHR$(8)Causes a backspace CHR$(27)“R”CHR$(n) Selects an international character set, where n = 0-8: CHR$(27)“s1” CHR$(27)“i0” Turns Half-SpeedON; If your system can’t send lowercase letters, use CHR$(115) Turns Half-SpeedOFF Turns Immediate-PrintMode OFF Page Line Spacing and Line Feeds Preset line spacing Figure 7-1. Default line spacing 20 FOR X=0 to 30 LPRINT TAB(6*X)"STAIR STEPS" 40, NEXT Variable line spacing 30 LPRINT TAB(X)"STAIR"CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(X+128) 30 LPRINT TAB(6*X)"STAIR"CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(0) STEPS Microscopic line spacing One-time,immediate line feed 30 LPRINT 40 NEXT Reverse feed (FX-80only) Page FEED Table 7-1. Line-spacingcommands Line spacing Command Forms Control Form feed distance Figure 8-1.Setting the top of form LPRINT CHR$(12); Not-so-standardforms Figure 8-2. Two-inch form feed 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"C"CHR$(2); 30 LPRINT "TWO-LINEFORM"CHR$(12); Figure 8-3. Two-lineform feed Skip command 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"N"CHR$(6); 30 LPRINT "SIX-LINESKIP . . . LINE";X 40 NEXT Figure 8-4shows the skip Figure 8-4.Standard skip DIP switch skip 10 LPRINT 20 INPUT "HIT RETURN WHEN READY",A 30 FOR X=1 TO 40 LPRINT "PRINTING WILL STOP BEFORE PAPER RUNS OUT 50 NEXT CHR$(27)"9 Used in conjunction with CHR$(27)“8” turns the paper-outsensor back ON CHR$(27)“@” setting Page Margins and Tabs Left margin Page LPRINT CHR$(15) Figure 9-3.Absolute left margin margin Right margin Use a workable number to reset the right margin: LPRINT CHR$(27)"Q"CHR$(22) Then RUN the program Figure 9-5.Right margin set correctly Both margins Horizontal tab usage 70 FOR J=1 TO 80 LPRINT H$;J; 90 NEXT J: LPRINT Figure 9-7.Tabs with text and numbers 50 LPRINT H$;H$;"TOP"; Variable horizontal tabs Vertical tab usage Ordinary vertical tabs Page Figure 9-11.Text at tab stop See that the tab stops are absolute by adding these two lines to your program: 25 LPRINT CHR$(27)"A"CHR$(4) 250 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@ Line 25 changes the line spacing from 12/72-inchto 4/72-inch;line Vertical tab channels CHR$(27)"b"CHR$(N)CHRR$(n1) . . . CHR$(nk)CHR$(0) Figure 9-13.Printout of multipage channels CHR$(11) Page Introduction to Dot Graphics A final multiplication: 480 main columns rows Print Head Figure 10-1.Pins numbered sequentially Twelve-dotline spacing Seven-dotline spacing Figure 10-2.Dot pattern in two line spacings Graphics Mode Here is the format for entering Single-DensityGraphics Mode (60 dots per inch) LPRINT CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(n 1) CHR$(n2); CHR$(27)"K"CHR$(255)CHR$(7); But on a Single-Densityprint line you can only fit 480 dots Pin Labels You might expect that the eight pins would be numbered 1 through Figure 10-3. Pins labelled uniquely Figure 10-4.Pin combinations First Graphics Programs Straight line Large caret Wave pattern Page FX-100 Varieties of Graphics Density 40 LPRINT A$;: FOR X=1 TO 100: LPRINT B$;: NEXT X 80 LPRINT CHR$(27)"@ Graphics and the Reset Code Graphics and low ASCII codes 40LPRINT A$;: FOR X=1 TO 25: LPRINT B$;: NEXT 60LPRINT A$;: FOR X=1 TO 25: LPRINT B$;: NEXT High-Speed Double-DensityGraphics Mode Figure 11-1. High-Speed Double-Densitydots 30B$=CHR$(127)+CHR$(42) Figure 11-2. No overlapping dots Low-Speed Double-DensityGraphics Mode 50 LPRINT "PLOW-SPEED DOUBLE-DENSITYGRAPHICS Quadruple-DensityGraphics Mode More densities 20A$=CHR$(27)+"*"+CHR$(M)+CHR$(120)+CHR$(0) 60LPRINT A$;: FOR X=1 TO 60: LPRINT B$;: NEXT Reassigning alternate graphics codes Table 11-1.Graphics Modes Modes Alternate Description Mode Density Head speed (in./sec.) Nine-PinGraphics Mode Figure 11-5. Nine-pinusage 20A$=CHR$(27)+CHR$(94)+CHR$(0)+CHR$(60)+CHR$(0) 90 DATA 3,7,31,63,126,124,112,96,92,66,33,25,5,3 Repeated patterns Repeated DATA numbers 90 DATA 8,28,62,93,28,28,28,28,28,28,93,62,28,8 90 DATA 8,28,62,93,-6,28,93,62,28,8 100 READ R: FOR J=1 TO -N 110 LPRINT CHR$(R);: NEXT J 120 X=X-N-1:GOT0 CHR$(27)”*“CHR$(m)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) CHR$(27)“L”CHR!$(n 1)CHRS(n 2) =n1+(256*n2), where n1 is 0 - 255 and n2 is CHR$(27)“Z”CHR!$(n 1)CHR$(n2) CHR$(27)“?s”CHR$(n) CHRS(27)"^"CHR$(d)CHR$(n1)CHR$(n2) Design Your Own Graphics 620 IF N>=$ THEN PRINT CHR$(N;: GOTO 650 LPRINT Figure 12-1.STRATA layout 640 GOT0 GOT0 840 DATA 0,32,16,64,8,64,-15,8,32,72,16,32,64,-6 l00 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1 610 READ N: IF N=128 THEN 620 IF N>=0 THEN LPRINT CHR$(N);: GOT0 640 GOT0 Three-DimensionalProgram Page First version of 3D program 29 G$=CHR$(27)+"L"+CHR$(51)+CHR$(3): GOSUB 170 FOR Y=1 TO 819: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT Y 180 LPRINT: NEXT X: RETURN Now RUN the first trial: 180)repeats the routine to print the line three times 80 FOR X=1 TO L: LPRINT CHR$(l);: NEXT 40 LPRINT G$; 190 DATA 3,20,2,3,12,3,22,14,8,14,6,-1 and RUN it The negative number at the end of line 190 signals the end of the print line 140 NEXT D: GOSUB 200 DATA 3,20,3,3,10,3,21,18,4,18,4,-1 290 DATA 3,3,25,3,0,3,25,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 300 DATA 3,3,24,3,2,3,24,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 310 DATA 3,3,23,3,4,3,23,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 320 DATA 3,3,22,3,6,3,22,3,12,3,2,3,12,3,3,-1 FOR X=1 TO H: LPRINT CHR$(64);: NEXT Page 110 FOR X=1 TO H: LPRINT CHR$(127);: NEXT 12-1l Page Plotter Graphics that you Figure 13-1. Computer memory as sketch pad Figure 13-2. Array in memory and on paper Figure 13-3. Ones and zeros become dots and blanks COLUMN Figure 13-4. Labelled cell DIMension and arrays Filling arrays Figure 13-5. Plotting a circle Circle Plotting 20 FOR R=1 TO N: FOR C=1 TO N 30D=SQR((R-11)^2+(C-11^2) 40 IF INT(D+.S)=10 THEN A(R,C)=1 Ones become dots Pin firing sequences Page Higher resolution 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(1)CHR$(N)CHR$(0); Figure 13-7.Divide and conquer 30D=SQR(R^2+C^2) 40 IF INT(D+.5)=20 THEN A(R,C)=1 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(N)CHR$(0); (11,11) 20 Reflections 130 LPRINT- CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(2*N)CHR$(0); 130LPRINT CHR$(27) "*"CHR$(5)CHR$(2*N)CHR$(0); Exploding galaxy Big bang 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(0)CHR$(2*N)CHR$(0); that 60 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(N1)CHR$(N2); Page Symmetrical Graphics Patterns 50GOSUB Table 14-1.Variables for SYMMETRY Variable Purpose 90IF N>MIN THEN 100NEXT J: PRINT 290 LPRINT CHR$(27)"2": END 300 FOR K=0 TO MAX-N 110 FOR K=1 TO C: LPRINT A(K);: NEXT K: LPRINT: LPRINT "C="C 190 P0=127-P:IF PASS=LAST THEN P0=P0+1-2^(7-R) 220 LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(N1)CHR$(N2); PRINT: PRINT CHR$(27)"1"; 190P0=127-P:IF PASS=LAST THEN P0=P0+1-2^(7-R) 220LPRINT CHR$(27)"*"CHR$(5)CHR$(N1)CHR$(N2); Figure 14-4. Symmetric pattern Variations 300 FOR K=0 TO Figure 14-5.Symmetric pattern 20 MAX=64: MIN=1: RE=1: N=1/2 40N=N*2 70N=N/2 Figure 14-6.Symmetric pattern Page Page User-DefinedCharacters Preparation Character Definition Characters are defined with the ESCape "&" command sequence. The format is: LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(r)CHR$(c1)CHR$(c2); LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)CHR$(65)CHR$(69); Design Dots into DATA Attribute byte Proportional print Figure 15-5. Attribute byte conversions The full 8-bitattribute byte, then, is composed of three parts: 1.Bit 7 determines which pins are used to print the character 2.Bits 4, 5, and 6 determine the starting column number 3.Bits 0, 1, 2, and 3 determine the ending column number CHR$(27)"& but before you print the user-definedE, make it more visible by adding: 170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!8"; 190 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!@ Here are the lines you’ve typed so far: 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"EE"; 180 LPRINT "EEEEE"; 110 LPRINT CHR$(27)" :"CHR$(0)CHR$(0)CHR$(0); 1160 DATA 127,0,72,0,72,0,76,2,121,0,0: 'My R and make these changes: 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"rt"; 140 FOR Y=1 TO 3: LPRINT CHR$(139); Redefining Control Codes LPRINT CHR$(27)"6 Let’s use this command to see how the ROM control codes can print. Add: CHR$(27)"6 CHR$(27)"7 STOP 165 LPRINT CHR$(27)"6 165 LPRINT CHR$(27)"I1 Italy 1120 DATA 0,63,64,8,64,8,64,28,64,32,0: 'My F 1130 DATA 0,32,64,0,64,63,64,0,64,32,0: 'My T Z$=CHR$(27)+"&"+CHR$(0) LPRINT Z$"AZ"; LPRINT Z$CHR$(l28)CHR$(159); STRATA 180, LPRINT “147646 12345678” S T R A T A S O F T W A R E Save the current program as STRATA Page Page Combining User-DefinedCharacters 80FOR x=1 TO 11: READ N: LPRINT CHR$(N);: NEXT Figure 16-1. Side-by-sidecharacters Large Letters: Double High Let’s stack two characters, one on top of the other, with these changes: 10 LPRINT CHR$(27)"1"CHR$(27)"U1"; 100 LPRINT "A 110 LPRINT "B Figure 16-2. Double high and wide character PatternExample 50 FOR Y=0 TO 1: FOR Z=0 TO 1: A=L+128*Y+32*Z FOR Y=0 TO 1: FOR X=1 TO LEN(A$) 80FOR X=1 TO 11: READ N: LPRINT CHR$(N);: NEXT no space after the 0 and then press RETURN. The next prompt on the screen is: ENTER A MASTER PRINT MODE NUMBER Figure 16-4.Giant G 40 FOR W=1 TO 6: READ L: PRINT CHR$(L) 90 NEXT Z: NEXT Y: NEXT W 190'SPACE 200DATA 210DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 220DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 230DATA 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0 Core Sets 100to 540. Now change: 60 LPRINT CHR$(27)"$"CHR$(0)"16"; 70 FOR Y=1 TO 6: LPRINT CHR$(139); 90 NEXT Y 100'SIX 110 DATA 7,8,16,0,32,3,68,0,72,0,73 120 DATA 73,0,72,0,68,3,32,0,16,8,7 130 DATA 73,0,9,0,17,96,2,0,4,8,112 140 DATA 112,8,4,0,2,96,17,0,9,0,73 Line Graphics 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0)"al"; 899 ’ <<< LINE GRAPHICS AND SHADING 900 DATA 0,0,0,0,15,0,8,0,8,0,8: ' a 910 DATA 8,0,8,0,15,0,0,0,0,0,0: ' b NAME PHONE Business Applications Change 10 FOR J=1 TO 3: FOR K=1 TO 20READ MAX(J,K) 30NEXT K: NEXT J 40DATA 12,18,23,28,36,34,28,27,30 60 D$=CHR$(27)+"J"+CHR$(11): C$=CHR$(27)+"F 200 LPRINT CHR$(60)CHR$(1);: H$=CHR$(137): Z=1 210 LPRINT H$;H$;" ABC CO. SALES: FIRST QUARTER 1995": LPRINT: LPRINT 800 FOR J=1 TO N: LPRINT A$;: NEXT J: RETURN 270 FOR M=1 TO 3: LPRINT H$; 100 LPRINT CHR$(27) "3"CHR$(10) CHR$(27)"U1"; 110LPRINT CHR$(27) ":"CHR$(0)CHR$(0)CHR$(0); 130LPRINT CHR$(27)"&WR$(0)CHR$(94)CHR$(107); 190LPRINT CHR$(27)"D"CHR$(14)CHR$(19)CHR$(24) 210 LPRINT H$;H$; ABC CO. SALES: FIRST QUARTER 1995": LPRINT: LPRINT ;ELSE LPRINT LPRINT H$;H$;B$;"k";H$;H$;H$;H$;"k 60 DAYS 90 DAYS STRATA SOFTWARE THANK YOU 110, 120, 150 and Delete lines 10 to 90. Make small changes to four lines: 130 LPRINT CHR$(27)"&"CHR$(0) "at"; 140 FOR Y=1 TO 20: LPRINT CHR$(139); 160 NEXT Y: LPRINT CHR$(27)"C"CHR$(66);: GOSUB 170 LPRINT CHR$(27)"!8";"mpsrpr mnopqrst"; CHR$(27)"!@"; 230 LPRINT: GOSUB 700: LPRINT H$;"DATA TOWN, U.S.A. 01248": GOSUB 500 FOR K=1 TO 5: READ L$(K),M$(K),N$(K),R$(K): LPRINT 1110 DATA 0,127,0,65,0,65,0,65,0,127,0: 'n 1120 DATA 0,63,64,8,64,8,64,28,64,32,0: 'o - F 1130 DATA 0,32,64,0,64,63,64,0,64,32,0: 'p - T 1150 DATA 0,7,8,16,36,64,36,16,8,7,0: 'r - A 1160 DATA 0,127,0,72,0,72,0,76,2,121,0: 's - R STATEMENT breaks down into several large blocks of routines and data: Lines Routine Prints the statement form The box subroutine 999 REM: The End INDEX also Page Page Page Page Page left, 113-116 Page 16, 324 38 40