102
MultiFRAD 3000-Series User Guide
Synchronous Transmission: The transmission of data which involves sending a group of characters in a packet. This is a common
method of transmission between computers on a network or between modems. One or more synchronous characters are transmitted to
confirm clocking before each packet of data is transmitted. Compare to Asynchronous Transmission.
Systems Network Architecture (SNA): The description of the logical structure, formats, protocols, and operational sequences for
transmitting information units through, and controlling the configuration and operation of networks.
T
Tariff: The rate/availability schedule for telephone and ISDN services from a regulated service provider.
TCP/IP: A set of communication protocols that support peer-to-peer connectivity functions for both local and wide area networks.
T Carrier: The generic name for a digitally multiplexed carrier system. In the North American digital hierarchy, a T is used to designate
a DS (digital signal) level hierarchy. Examples: T1 (DS1) is a 1.544 Mbps 24-channel designation. In Europe, T1 is called E1. The T
Carrier system was originally designed for transmitting digitized voice signals, but has since been adapted for digital data applications.
T1: A digital transmission link capable of 1.544 Mbps. T1 uses two pairs of normal UTP, and can handle 24 voice conversations, each
digitized at 64 Kbps. T1 is a standard for digital transmission in the U.S., Canada, Japan and Hong Kong. T1 is the access method for
high-speed services such as ATM, frame relay, and SMDS. See also T Carrier, T1 line and FT1.
T1 Channel Tests: A set of diagnostics that vary by carrier, used to verify a T1 channel operation. Can include Tone, Noise Level,
Impulse Noise Level, Echo Cancellors, Gain, and Crosstalk testing.
T1 Framing: To digitize and encode analog voice signals requires 8000 samples per second (twice the highest voice frequency of 4000
Hz). Encoding in an 8-bit word provides the basic T1 block of 64 Kbps for voice transmission. This "Level 0 Signal, as its called, is
represented by "DS-0", or Digital Signal at Level 0. 24 of these voice channels are combined into a serial bit stream (using TDM), on a
frame-by-frame basis. A frame is a sample of all 24 channels; so adding in a framing bit gives a block of 193 bits (24x8+1=193).
Frames are transmitted at 8000 per second (the required sample rate), creating a 1.544M (8000x193=1.544M) transmission rate.
T1 Line: A digital communications facility that functions as a 24-channel pathway for data or voice. A T1 line is composed of two
separate elements: the Access element and the Long Haul element.
T1 Mux: A device used to carry many sources of data on a T1 line. The T1 mux assigns each data source to distinct DS0 time slots
within the T1 signal. Wide bandwidth signals take more than one time slot. Normal voice traffic or 56/64K bps data channels take one
time slot. The T1 mux may use an internal or external T1 DSU; a "channel bank" device typically uses an external T1 CSU.
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Program (TCP/IP): A multilayer set of protocols developed by the US Department of
Defense to link dissimilar computers across dissimilar and unreliable LANs.
Terminal: The screen and keyboard device used in a mainframe environment for interactive data entry. Terminals have no "box", which
is to say they have no file storage or processing capabilities.
Terminal Adapter (TA): An ISDN DTE device for connecting a non-ISDN terminal device to the ISDN network. Similar to a protocol
converter or an interface converter, a TA connects a non-ISDN device between the R and S interfaces. Typically a PC card.
Tie line: A dedicated circuit linking two points without having to dial a phone number (i.e., the line may be accessed by lifting the
telephone handset or by pushing a button).
Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM): Division of a transmission facility into two or more channels by allotting the common channel to
several different information channels, one at a time.
Time Slot: One of 24 channels within a T1 line. Each channel has a 64K bps maximum bandwidth. "Time slot" implies the time
division multiplexing organization of the T1 signal.
Toll Call: A call to a location outside of your local service area (i.e., a long distance call).
Tone dialing: One of two methods of dialing a telephone, usually associated with Touch-Tone® (push button) phones. Compare with
pulse dialing.
Topology: Physical layout of network components (cables, stations, gateways, and hubs). Three basic interconnection topologies are
star, ring, and bus networks.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): A communications protocol used in Internet and in any network that follows the US Department
of Defense standards for internetwork protocol. TCP provides a reliable host-to-host protocol between hosts in packet-switched
communications networks and in interconnected systems of such networks. It assumes that the Internet protocol is the underlying
protocol.
Transport Layer: Layer 4 of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model; provides reliable, end-to-end delivery of data, and detects
transmission sequential errors.
Transport Protocol Data Unit (TPDU): A transport header, which is added to every message, contains destination and source
addressing information that allows the end-to-end routing of messages in multi-layer NAC networks of high complexity. They are
automatically added to messages as they enter the network and can be stripped off before being passed to the host or another device
that does not support TPDU's.
Trunk: Transmission links that interconnect switching offices.