Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Neutral interruption and resonance, 124, Series connection of lamps

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3.5 Series connection of lamps

Parallel connection of two lamps on a common ballast is impossible because of the negative characteristic of the fluorescent lamp.All the current would flow through the lamp with the lower arc voltage.

Moreover, once the first lamp is ignited the lamp voltage is too low for the ignitor of the second lamp to ignite this lamp.

3 6 Neutral interruption and resonance

Normally each lamp circuit has its own compensating capacitor. In this way every luminaire can be switched separately without influencing the power factor. For the same reason lamp circuits based on phase-neutral (230 V), are compensated with capacitors connected between each of the phases and neutral.

In the phase-neutral network failure of one phase has no other effect than to switch off the circuits on that phase. But if the neutral is not connected, resonance will occur. For example, the current from phase L1 via ballast and lamp 3 (see Fig. 118) can pass via capacitor C1 to phase L3. So lamp 3 is energised by 400 V and stabilised by a ballast with a capacitor in series.This will surely destroy components.

A good neutral is essential.

Moreover, when the neutral is interrupted and the loads on the phases are not completely balanced ( i.e. the same wattage), then the voltage across the smallest load will increase and much more power will be consumed by that load.This will surely damage lamps and/or ballasts (see Fig. 119).

Suppose there are five loads of 1000 Ω , one connected between L1 and neutral and four connected between L2 and neutral.The current from L1 will be 230/1000 = 0.23 A and the power in the load will be 230 . 0.23 = 53 W.

The current from L2 will be four times higher (0.92 A) and the power too: 212 W.

If the neutral is interrupted, the phase-phase voltage of 400 V will result in a current which can be calculated from the resistances: 1000 Ω in series with 4 times 1000 Ω parallel.

Fig. 118. Compensation in a phase/neutral network.

L1

B

 

L2

B

L3

B

1 2 3

La La La

C3 C2 C1

N

124

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Contents Ignition and re-ignition Main ballast functionsStabilisation 107Ignition and re-ignition Types of ballasts108 Resistor ballastsCapacitor ballasts 109Types of ballasts Inductive ballasts or chokesBallast specification and marking 110Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 Watt losses 112Starter types Glow-switch startersMain starter function 113114 Starter types115 LifetimeComponents Electronic startersComponents Capacitors116 Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils Power factor correction 120Sin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current 122 Placed in series with one of the ballastsSeries connection of lamps 123Series connection of lamps Neutral interruption and resonance124 Good neutral is essential125 Neutral interruption and resonanceElectrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporated Electrical diagrams127 ‘TL’D, PL-L128 Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting129 Harmonic distortion130 Ninth harmonicElectromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other 132 Electromagnetic interferenceMinimum temperatures Lamps Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures 133Gear Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Luminaires135 BallastsStarters Effects of mains voltage fluctuations 136Electrical wiring 137Electrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section Hum 139Dimming 140Dimming 141 Coil in series and by a thyristorStroboscopic effect and striations Stroboscopic effect and striations142 For this subject, see also section Lamps143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the lamp 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the ballastShort-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the series capacitor149 Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 1AVisual inspection of lamps150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests Fault finding 152Installation aspects 153Type ballast should be used 154 MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages Non-standard supply voltages

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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