Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual 146, Main circuit breakers work on two principles

Page 40

5

3.18

Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage

The same applies to main circuit breakers (MCB’s).Although the switching characteristics of MCB types are laid down in recommendations like CEE-19-2ndedition, the various characteristics of different types and brands can differ considerably.

Circuit breakers are tested and calibrated to carry 100 per cent of their rated current in open air at a specified temperature, normally 25 ºC. When mounted in an enclosure, the ambient temperature may be higher.As a result, circuit breakers are permitted continuously to carry only 80 per cent of their current rating.The manufacturer’s technical information should be carefully reviewed to determine the exact capabilities of a specific breaker.

Main circuit breakers work on two principles:

1)The thermal part, being a bi-metal strip, which is heated by the passing current.The switching-off characteristic is similar to that of a fuse and is influenced by time and current value. It is effective after approx. minimum 2 to 5 seconds for the smaller overload currents.

2)The electromagnetic part, being a magnet coil, which is effective for the high overload currents and reacts within milliseconds (see Fig. 140).

switching time (s)

switching time (s)

Fig. 140. Switching characteristics of various types of main circuit breakers.

10000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1000

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

L-

 

curve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U-

curve

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

K-

curve

 

 

.01

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.001

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.5

1

2

3

5

7

10

20

30

50

70

100

200 300

 

0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

multiple of nominal current

10000 1000 100

10

1

.1 0

.01 0

 

 

 

 

B

 

 

C

 

D

 

 

1

.5

2

3

4

5

6

8

10

15

20

30

 

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

multiple of nominal current

According to CEE-19-2ndedition (L, U and K)

According to EN 60898 / VDE 0641 (B, C and D)

For lighting applications the less sensitive types of circuit breakers are advised, such as the U-, K-, C- or D types.

Taking the 10 A MCB type C as a reference (with a load assumed to be 1), then the other types can handle loads as shown in the following table:

C-type

B-type

L-type

U-type

K-type

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10 A

16 A

10 A

16 A

10 A

16 A

10 A

16 A

10 A

16 A

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

1.6

0.6

1

0.7

1.1

1.3

2.1

1.5

2.5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

146

Image 40
Contents Main ballast functions StabilisationIgnition and re-ignition 107Types of ballasts 108Ignition and re-ignition Resistor ballasts109 Types of ballastsCapacitor ballasts Inductive ballasts or chokesBallast specification and marking 110Ballast specification and marking Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT111 Watt losses 112Glow-switch starters Main starter functionStarter types 113114 Starter typesLifetime Components115 Electronic startersCapacitors 116Components Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector117 Capacitors Filter coilsIEC 119 Power factor correctionFilter coils Power factor correction 120121 SinLamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current 122 Placed in series with one of the ballastsSeries connection of lamps 123Neutral interruption and resonance 124Series connection of lamps Good neutral is essential125 Neutral interruption and resonancePL-TSC 4-pins Electrical diagrams126 Electrical diagrams 127PL-S, PL-C starter incorporated ‘TL’D, PL-LMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Harmonic distortion128 Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting129 Harmonic distortion130 Ninth harmonic131 Electromagnetic interferenceReinforce each other 132 Electromagnetic interferenceAmbient and operating temperatures Ambient and operating temperaturesMinimum temperatures Lamps 133Maximum temperatures Lamps 134Gear LuminairesBallasts 135Starters Effects of mains voltage fluctuations 136Electrical wiring 137138 Electrical wiringSee IEC 598, section Hum 139140 DimmingDimming 141 Coil in series and by a thyristorStroboscopic effect and striations 142Stroboscopic effect and striations For this subject, see also section Lamps143 144 145 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakageStandard conditions Main circuit breakers work on two principles 146According to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K 147 Non-standard conditionsShort-circuiting of the lamp Short-circuiting of the ballast148 Short-circuiting of the ignitorShort-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor Short-circuiting of the series capacitorFault finding Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage149 1AVisual inspection of lamps150 151 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickersElectrical tests Fault finding 152153 Installation aspectsType ballast should be used Maintenance Non-standard supply voltages154 Non-standard supply voltages

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

The Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a transformative lighting solution that enhances both indoor and outdoor spaces. Designed to integrate cutting-edge technology with energy efficiency, this lamp offers a range of features tailored for diverse applications, from residential to commercial use.

One of the primary features of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is its powerful electromagnetic technology. This technology allows for efficient energy conversion, resulting in superior light output while consuming minimal electricity. The lamp is engineered to provide a high lumen per watt ratio, making it an environmentally friendly choice for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint without compromising on brightness.

The durability of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is another significant characteristic. Built with robust materials, it is designed to withstand various environmental conditions. Whether exposed to heat, moisture, or dust, this lamp guarantees longevity and reliable performance. Additionally, its resistance to temperature fluctuations makes it ideal for a range of settings, including industrial environments where resilience is essential.

In terms of versatility, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp shines brightly. It is available in multiple wattages and color temperatures, enabling users to select the perfect lighting for different spaces. From warm white shades ideal for cozy home environments to cooler, brighter options suited for workspaces, this lamp adapts to individual needs and preferences.

Moreover, the lamp incorporates advanced light distribution technology. This ensures an even spread of light without dark spots or harsh glares, enhancing visibility and comfort. It is particularly beneficial for large areas needing uniform illumination, such as warehouses, parking lots, and public areas.

Another key feature is its compatibility with smart lighting systems. Many models of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp can connect to smart home platforms, allowing for remote control, scheduling, and automation. This modern integration enhances user convenience and promotes energy savings by enabling users to optimize their lighting usage according to their routines.

In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.