Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Sin, 121, Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current

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3.4 Power factor correction

ballast, the capacitor current is leading 90 electrical degrees to the capacitor voltage (which is the mains voltage). So the capacitor current has the opposite direction of Ilsin ϕ (see Fig. 114).

Fig. 114. Compensated circuit.

Vb

Vm

Il cos ϕ

I

 

cap

ϕ

I

Il

Vl

sin

 

l

 

ϕ

 

 

 

Maximum compensation is achieved when the current through the capacitor Ic = Il sin ϕ ; then the power factor is 1.This is purely theoretical, as the vector diagram is only valid for the fundamentals of the currents. Due to distortion in the lamp current (see section 5.3.9: Harmonic distortion), the maximum practical power factor is between 0.95 and 0.98.This explains the difference between power factor and cos ϕ.

The power factor is the result of the quotient of the actual wattage and the product of mains voltage and mains current, including the harmonics, and can be calculated as follows:

Power factor (P.F.) = total wattage/mains voltage . mains current

The angle ϕ is the phase shift angle between mains voltage and mains current and can be found and calculated by means of the vector diagram.This is only valid for the fundamentals and does not take into account the harmonics.

The same analogy is valid for the lamp: there is practically no phase

shift between lamp voltage and lamp current: both are zero at the same time. So the phase angle α is zero and cos α = 1.

The product of lamp voltage and lamp current does not equal the lamp wattage; the difference is called lamp factor:

Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current

and has a value between 0.8 and 0.9. For the same lamp type the lamp factor is higher for higher wattages, identical to the lamp efficacy. Typical capacitor values for this parallel compensation (also sometimes called mono-compensation) for a 50 Hz mains are 4.5 µF for a 36 or 40 W fluorescent lamp and 6.5 µF for a 58 or 65 W lamp.

A second method for compensation is the so-called duo-circuit.This is employed for pairs of lamps, as for example in two-lamp luminaires. Here the capacitor is placed in series with one of the ballasts (see Fig. 115).

121

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Contents 107 Main ballast functionsStabilisation Ignition and re-ignitionResistor ballasts Types of ballasts108 Ignition and re-ignitionInductive ballasts or chokes 109Types of ballasts Capacitor ballasts110 Ballast specification and markingMaximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 112 Watt losses113 Glow-switch startersMain starter function Starter typesStarter types 114Electronic starters LifetimeComponents 115Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector Capacitors116 Components117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils 120 Power factor correctionSin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current Placed in series with one of the ballasts 122123 Series connection of lampsGood neutral is essential Neutral interruption and resonance124 Series connection of lampsNeutral interruption and resonance 125Electrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 ‘TL’D, PL-L Electrical diagrams127 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporatedMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion 128Harmonic distortion 129Ninth harmonic 130Electromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other Electromagnetic interference 132133 Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures Minimum temperatures LampsLuminaires Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Gear135 BallastsStarters 136 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations137 Electrical wiringElectrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section 139 HumDimming 140Dimming Coil in series and by a thyristor 141For this subject, see also section Lamps Stroboscopic effect and striations142 Stroboscopic effect and striations143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the ballast 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the lampShort-circuiting of the series capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor1AVisual inspection of lamps Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 149150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests 152 Fault findingInstallation aspects 153Type ballast should be used Non-standard supply voltages MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages 154

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.
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