Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual Ballast specification and marking, 110

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1.4 Types of ballasts

The most important value for stabilisation is the ballast impedance. It is expressed as voltage/current ratio in ohm (Ω ) and defined for a certain mains voltage, mains frequency and calibration current (normally the nominal lamp current).

Chokes can be used for virtually all discharge lamps, provided that one condition is fulfilled: the mains voltage should be about twice the arc voltage of the lamp. If the mains voltage is too low, another type of circuit should be used, like the autoleak or constant-wattage circuits.

The advantages of a choke coil are:

- the wattage losses are low in comparison to those of a resistor,

- it is a simple circuit: the ballast is connected in series with the lamp.

Disadvantages of a choke coil are:

- the current in a lamp with choke circuit exhibits a phase shift with respect to the applied voltage, the current lagging behind the voltage (see also section 5.3.4: Power factor correction).

- a high starting current: in inductive circuits the starting current is about 1.5 times the rated current.

- sensitivity to mains voltage fluctuations: variations in the mains voltage cause variations in the current through the lamp.

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Ballast specification and marking

There are two ways of selecting the right ballast for a certain lamp and/or to compare various ballasts:

1) the ballast marking,

2) the manufacturer’s documentation.

As all ballasts have to comply with the norm IEC 920/921 some data has to be marked on the ballast and other data can be mentioned in the documentation.

On the ballast can be found:

- marks of origin, such as the manufacturer’s name or trade mark, model or reference number, country of origin, production date code,

- rated supply voltage and frequency, nominal ballast current(s), - type(s) of lamp with rated wattage,

- type(s) of ignitor with wiring diagram and peak voltage if this

exceeds 1500 V,

 

- tw and Δt (see section 5.1.6),

 

- max. cross-section of mains or lamp cable; e.g. 4

means 4 mm2,

- symbols of the officially recognised certification institutes, such as VDE, SEMKO, SEV, KEMA, if applicable; CE marking for safety,

- in case of an independent ballast: the symbol ; an independent ballast is a ballast which is intended to be mounted separately outside a luminaire and without any additional enclosure,

- a symbol like

top if there are mounting restrictions,

- F-marking

if the ballast fulfils the IEC F-requirements; that means

it is suitable to be mounted directly on normally flammable surfaces,

- TS, P-marking

or

 

 

if the ballast is thermally protected

(* = thermo-switch temperature in degrees Celsius),

 

 

 

- indication of terminals: L for single phase, N for neutral,

 

 

 

for

 

 

 

 

protective earth (PE),

 

 

 

for functional earth,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

110

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Contents Main ballast functions StabilisationIgnition and re-ignition 107Types of ballasts 108Ignition and re-ignition Resistor ballasts109 Types of ballastsCapacitor ballasts Inductive ballasts or chokesBallast specification and marking 110Ballast specification and marking Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT111 Watt losses 112Glow-switch starters Main starter functionStarter types 113114 Starter typesLifetime Components115 Electronic startersCapacitors 116Components Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector117 Capacitors Filter coilsIEC 119 Power factor correctionFilter coils Power factor correction 120121 SinLamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current 122 Placed in series with one of the ballastsSeries connection of lamps 123Neutral interruption and resonance 124Series connection of lamps Good neutral is essential125 Neutral interruption and resonancePL-TSC 4-pins Electrical diagrams126 Electrical diagrams 127PL-S, PL-C starter incorporated ‘TL’D, PL-LMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Harmonic distortion128 Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting129 Harmonic distortion130 Ninth harmonic131 Electromagnetic interferenceReinforce each other 132 Electromagnetic interferenceAmbient and operating temperatures Ambient and operating temperaturesMinimum temperatures Lamps 133Maximum temperatures Lamps 134Gear LuminairesBallasts 135Starters Effects of mains voltage fluctuations 136Electrical wiring 137138 Electrical wiringSee IEC 598, section Hum 139140 DimmingDimming 141 Coil in series and by a thyristorStroboscopic effect and striations 142Stroboscopic effect and striations For this subject, see also section Lamps143 144 145 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakageStandard conditions Main circuit breakers work on two principles 146According to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K 147 Non-standard conditionsShort-circuiting of the lamp Short-circuiting of the ballast148 Short-circuiting of the ignitorShort-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor Short-circuiting of the series capacitorFault finding Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage149 1AVisual inspection of lamps150 151 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickersElectrical tests Fault finding 152153 Installation aspectsType ballast should be used Maintenance Non-standard supply voltages154 Non-standard supply voltages

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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