Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual 109, Types of ballasts, Capacitor ballasts

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1.4 Types of ballasts

that the no-load voltage need be no more than 25 to 30 per cent higher than the lamp voltage.This is also the proportion of the power dissipated by the ballast compared to the total circuit power.

Fig. 103. Schematic diagram of a fluorescent lamp operated on a resistor ballast in a DC circuit.

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2 Capacitor ballasts

A capacitor used as a ballast causes only very little losses, but cannot be used by itself, as this would give rise to very high peaks in the lamp current wave form at each half cycle. Only at very high frequencies can a capacitor serve satisfactorily as a ballast.

3 Inductive ballasts or chokes

Choke coils are frequently used as current limiting devices in gas-discharge lamp circuits (see Fig. 104).They cause somewhat higher losses than a capacitor, but produce far less distortion in the lamp current at 50 Hz. Moreover, in combination with a switch starter, they can be made to produce the high voltage pulse needed to ignite the lamp.

In practice, a choke ballast consists of a large number of windings of copper wire on a laminated iron core. It operates on the self-inductance principle.The impedance of such a ballast must be chosen in accordance with the mains supply voltage and frequency, the lamp type and the voltage of the lamp, to ensure that the lamp current is at the correct value. In other words: each type of lamp requires for each supply voltage its own choke as a ballast with a specific impedance setting. Heat losses, occurring through the ohmic resistance of the windings and hysteresis in the core, much depend upon the mechanical construction of the ballast and the diameter of the copper wire.

The right ballast for a given lamp and supply voltage should be chosen by consulting documentation and/or ballast markings.

The Philips standard range of ballasts is for supply voltages of 220/230/240 V and for frequencies of 50/60 Hz.

 

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Fig. 104. Schematic diagram of a

 

 

 

 

 

 

fluorescent lamp operated on a choke

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ballast in an AC starter circuit.

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109

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Contents 107 Main ballast functionsStabilisation Ignition and re-ignitionResistor ballasts Types of ballasts108 Ignition and re-ignitionInductive ballasts or chokes 109Types of ballasts Capacitor ballasts110 Ballast specification and markingMaximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 112 Watt losses113 Glow-switch startersMain starter function Starter typesStarter types 114Electronic starters LifetimeComponents 115Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector Capacitors116 Components117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils 120 Power factor correctionSin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current Placed in series with one of the ballasts 122123 Series connection of lampsGood neutral is essential Neutral interruption and resonance124 Series connection of lampsNeutral interruption and resonance 125Electrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 ‘TL’D, PL-L Electrical diagrams127 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporatedMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion 128Harmonic distortion 129Ninth harmonic 130Electromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other Electromagnetic interference 132133 Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures Minimum temperatures LampsLuminaires Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Gear135 BallastsStarters 136 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations137 Electrical wiringElectrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section 139 HumDimming 140Dimming Coil in series and by a thyristor 141For this subject, see also section Lamps Stroboscopic effect and striations142 Stroboscopic effect and striations143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the ballast 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the lampShort-circuiting of the series capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor1AVisual inspection of lamps Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 149150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests 152 Fault findingInstallation aspects 153Type ballast should be used Non-standard supply voltages MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages 154

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

The Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a transformative lighting solution that enhances both indoor and outdoor spaces. Designed to integrate cutting-edge technology with energy efficiency, this lamp offers a range of features tailored for diverse applications, from residential to commercial use.

One of the primary features of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is its powerful electromagnetic technology. This technology allows for efficient energy conversion, resulting in superior light output while consuming minimal electricity. The lamp is engineered to provide a high lumen per watt ratio, making it an environmentally friendly choice for those looking to reduce their carbon footprint without compromising on brightness.

The durability of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is another significant characteristic. Built with robust materials, it is designed to withstand various environmental conditions. Whether exposed to heat, moisture, or dust, this lamp guarantees longevity and reliable performance. Additionally, its resistance to temperature fluctuations makes it ideal for a range of settings, including industrial environments where resilience is essential.

In terms of versatility, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp shines brightly. It is available in multiple wattages and color temperatures, enabling users to select the perfect lighting for different spaces. From warm white shades ideal for cozy home environments to cooler, brighter options suited for workspaces, this lamp adapts to individual needs and preferences.

Moreover, the lamp incorporates advanced light distribution technology. This ensures an even spread of light without dark spots or harsh glares, enhancing visibility and comfort. It is particularly beneficial for large areas needing uniform illumination, such as warehouses, parking lots, and public areas.

Another key feature is its compatibility with smart lighting systems. Many models of the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp can connect to smart home platforms, allowing for remote control, scheduling, and automation. This modern integration enhances user convenience and promotes energy savings by enabling users to optimize their lighting usage according to their routines.

In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.
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