Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Ambient and operating temperatures, 133, Minimum temperatures Lamps

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3 12

3.12 Ambient and operating temperatures

Ambient and operating temperatures

Temperature is of prime importance for the proper functioning

of discharge lamps (Fig. 127a/b). In general, fluorescent lamps are very sensitive to changes in the ambient temperature (see section 3.6: Effects of temperature).

Fig. 127a. Relative values of luminous flux (Φ), lamp voltage (Vl ), lamp current (Il ) and lamp wattage (Pl ) as a function of lamp head temperature, for a PL lamp.

Fig. 127b. Relative values of luminous flux (Φ) as a function of the ambient temperature and the burning position (PL lamp).

%

120 100 80 60 40 20

Il

Pl

Φ

Vl

recommended temperature range

20

30

40

50

60

70

lamp head temp. (˚C)

Φ(%)

100 80 60 40 20 0

-20

0

20

40

60

 

ambient temp. (˚C)

For the total system the ambient temperature also is of great importance, due to the fact that certain minimum and maximum operating temperatures are specified for the various components.

Minimum temperatures

1) Lamps

Supplied with the nominal voltage, fluorescent lamps will start quite normally at temperatures down to approx. -20 ºC.The minimum allowed temperature depends on lamp type and starting system, which determines the maximum ignition time (ranging from 2 to 20 seconds). Also the circuitry (leading or lagging) has influence on the ignition process.Two lamps in series normally ignite less easily than the one lamp circuitry. In the lamp data sheets the minimum temperature and the resulting ignition time can be found for the various circuits. Below these specified temperatures smooth ignition cannot be guaranteed.

In the table below, the ignition time of a PL-L 24 W lamp (in sec) is given as a function of lagging or leading circuitry, nominal or sub-nominal supply voltage, type of starter and ambient temperature.

Circuit

Lagging

 

 

 

Leading

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Voltage

Nominal

Nominal -8%

Nominal

Nominal -8%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Starter

S10

ES08

S10

ES08

S10

ES08

S10

ES08

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ambient temp. ºC

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-30

10

2

*

2

*

*

*

*

-25

7

2

*

2

20

2

*

2

-20

6

2

12

2

8

2

15

2

-15

6

2

12

2

8

2

15

2

-10

6

2

10

2

7

2

14

2

-5

6

2

10

2

7

2

11

2

0

6

2

10

2

7

2

11

2

+5

6

2

9

2

6

2

8

2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* Proper ignition not guaranteed.

133

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Contents 107 Main ballast functionsStabilisation Ignition and re-ignitionResistor ballasts Types of ballasts108 Ignition and re-ignitionInductive ballasts or chokes 109Types of ballasts Capacitor ballasts110 Ballast specification and markingMaximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 112 Watt losses113 Glow-switch startersMain starter function Starter typesStarter types 114Electronic starters LifetimeComponents 115Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector Capacitors116 Components117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils 120 Power factor correctionSin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current Placed in series with one of the ballasts 122123 Series connection of lampsGood neutral is essential Neutral interruption and resonance124 Series connection of lampsNeutral interruption and resonance 125Electrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 ‘TL’D, PL-L Electrical diagrams127 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporatedMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion 128Harmonic distortion 129Ninth harmonic 130Electromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other Electromagnetic interference 132133 Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures Minimum temperatures LampsLuminaires Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Gear135 BallastsStarters 136 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations137 Electrical wiringElectrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section 139 HumDimming 140Dimming Coil in series and by a thyristor 141For this subject, see also section Lamps Stroboscopic effect and striations142 Stroboscopic effect and striations143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the ballast 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the lampShort-circuiting of the series capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor1AVisual inspection of lamps Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 149150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests 152 Fault findingInstallation aspects 153Type ballast should be used Non-standard supply voltages MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages 154

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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