Philips Electromagnetic Lamp Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage, 145, Standard conditions

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3.17 Stroboscopic effect and striations

depends on several factors, including lamp position, supply voltage, temperature, age of the lamp (electrode) and also of the lamp current wave form (peak factor).

4. Striations are noticeable as a pattern of more or less bright regions in the long discharge tube of fluorescent lamps.The pattern can move through the discharge tube. It can appear when the lamp is cold or when the lamp is dimmed down to too low a level.

3 18 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage

1 Standard conditions

Under normal conditions the highest current which can occur is the current during the starting phase.When the starter is closed, practically the entire supply voltage is across the ballast, resulting in a high current and a low power factor.The fuses must be capable of handling this high initial current for several minutes. For most of the fluorescent lamps stabilised with copper/iron ballasts, this starting current is about 1.5 times the normal operating current.

During switching on, a few other processes are going on as well:

- the (empty) parallel compensating capacitor will be charged with a high inrush current,

- depending on the magnetic saturation of the ballast a voltage induction will take place in the ballast,

- gas-discharge lamps can have some rectification or DC component in the lamp current.

These phenomena occur in the very first 3 to 5 milliseconds and can result in a peak current of 15 to 25 times the nominal current.This surge current will depend on the lamp and ballast type and the number of lamps per circuit as well as, of course, on the resistance and impedance of the lamp and supply cables and the impedance of the mains supply network.This latter part varies greatly in practice. It is recommended that a surge current of 20 to 25 times the nominal current during the first 3 milliseconds be used and 7 times the nominal current for the first 2 seconds for parallel compensated circuits as a guide for selecting fuse ratings.

In the duo-circuit the capacitor is connected in series with the coil, so the very high surge currents cannot appear in this case.

Devices for switching and fusing must be capable of handling these currents correctly.This means that for fuses slow-acting gI types (normal general purpose type for cable fusing) have to be used (German name:gL). The main purpose of the fuse is to protect the cable and the distribution part of the lighting installation from damage in case of a failure in the installation. So the fuse rating is primarily related to the cable core used in the installation.

As the various national electrical safety rules differ slightly, the recommended fuse ratings for lighting equipment published by the various lamp, gear and fuse suppliers are not always the same. Moreover, there are differences in the various brands of fuses.

As a guide, it is recommended to load gl-fuses to not more than 50 - 70 per cent of their rating.

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Contents 107 Main ballast functionsStabilisation Ignition and re-ignitionResistor ballasts Types of ballasts108 Ignition and re-ignitionInductive ballasts or chokes 109Types of ballasts Capacitor ballasts110 Ballast specification and markingMaximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 112 Watt losses113 Glow-switch startersMain starter function Starter typesStarter types 114Electronic starters LifetimeComponents 115Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector Capacitors116 Components117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils 120 Power factor correctionSin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current Placed in series with one of the ballasts 122123 Series connection of lampsGood neutral is essential Neutral interruption and resonance124 Series connection of lampsNeutral interruption and resonance 125Electrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 ‘TL’D, PL-L Electrical diagrams127 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporatedMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion 128Harmonic distortion 129Ninth harmonic 130Electromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other Electromagnetic interference 132133 Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures Minimum temperatures LampsLuminaires Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Gear135 BallastsStarters 136 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations137 Electrical wiringElectrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section 139 HumDimming 140Dimming Coil in series and by a thyristor 141For this subject, see also section Lamps Stroboscopic effect and striations142 Stroboscopic effect and striations143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the ballast 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the lampShort-circuiting of the series capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor1AVisual inspection of lamps Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 149150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests 152 Fault findingInstallation aspects 153Type ballast should be used Non-standard supply voltages MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages 154

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