Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual 130, Ninth harmonic

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5

3.9 Harmonic distortion

International requirements have been made for the proportion of the harmonics in supply mains currents.According to EN 60921, for lighting equipment having an input power >25 W the maximum percentage of harmonics for the input current are:

second harmonic:

5 %

third harmonic:

30 . P.F. %, where P.F. = power factor of the circuit

fifth harmonic:

7 %

seventh harmonic:

4 %

ninth harmonic:

3 %

All Philips inductive compensated lighting circuits (P.F. = 0.5) comply with this standard.The capacitive branch of a duo-circuit has higher values, but as a whole the duo-circuit meets this standard.

To obtain a good power factor (0.9) of the system with gas-discharge lamps, mostly parallel capacitors are used. In that case the effective mains current will be nearly half, so the percentage harmonics automatically will be doubled.

Again, there will be no problems in fulfilling the requirements.

A capacitor, however, has lower impedance for higher frequencies and therefore the capacitor current is very sensitive to harmonics in the supply voltage.

The quality of the supply source influences the amount of higher harmonics in the mains voltage and consequently in the mains current. The lamp is only responsible for roughly 20 per cent third harmonics in the current of the phase-conductor.When the amount of seventh or higher harmonics is too high, a solution could be found in connecting filter coils in series with the capacitors.

But adding the filter coils will result in higher third and fifth harmonics, because the total impedance for the combination of capacitor and filter coil is lower for these frequencies than the impedance of only the capacitor (see Fig. 108 in section 5.3.3). So a filter coil does not help to suppress third and fifth harmonics.

The presence of harmonics has consequences for the mains wiring. For the various wiring diagrams, calculations of the currents and harmonics can be made. In particular lighting installations connected to three-phase supplies, having a common neutral conductor, need attention.

The neutral conductor carries a current equal to the vector sum of the currents through the three phase conductors.

In a well-balanced system (equal effective phase-currents) the fundamental frequencies of these currents add up to zero, but the third, ninth and fifteenth harmonics are in phase and thus amplify each other (see Fig. 125).

The neutral therefore will carry at least about 3 . 20 = 60 per cent of the phase current. For that reason the neutral conductor must have the same cross-section as each of the phase conductors.

In case of a poorly designed system, the current of the neutral can be higher than one of the phase currents.

Also in case of a supply voltage containing some distortion, the current through the neutral can grow rapidly due to higher capacitor currents.This can be of great importance when the supply voltage is coming from a separate generator.

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Contents Main ballast functions StabilisationIgnition and re-ignition 107Types of ballasts 108Ignition and re-ignition Resistor ballasts109 Types of ballastsCapacitor ballasts Inductive ballasts or chokesBallast specification and marking 110Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 Watt losses 112Glow-switch starters Main starter functionStarter types 113114 Starter typesLifetime Components115 Electronic startersCapacitors 116Components Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils Power factor correction 120Sin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current 122 Placed in series with one of the ballastsSeries connection of lamps 123Neutral interruption and resonance 124Series connection of lamps Good neutral is essential125 Neutral interruption and resonanceElectrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 Electrical diagrams 127PL-S, PL-C starter incorporated ‘TL’D, PL-LMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Harmonic distortion128 Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting129 Harmonic distortion130 Ninth harmonicElectromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other 132 Electromagnetic interferenceAmbient and operating temperatures Ambient and operating temperaturesMinimum temperatures Lamps 133Maximum temperatures Lamps 134Gear Luminaires135 BallastsStarters Effects of mains voltage fluctuations 136Electrical wiring 137Electrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section Hum 139Dimming 140Dimming 141 Coil in series and by a thyristorStroboscopic effect and striations 142Stroboscopic effect and striations For this subject, see also section Lamps143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K 147 Non-standard conditionsShort-circuiting of the lamp Short-circuiting of the ballast148 Short-circuiting of the ignitorShort-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor Short-circuiting of the series capacitorFault finding Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage149 1AVisual inspection of lamps150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests Fault finding 152Installation aspects 153Type ballast should be used Maintenance Non-standard supply voltages154 Non-standard supply voltages

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.
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