Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual Fault finding, 149, Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage

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3.18 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage

Earth leakage currents in lighting circuits depend on the quality of all system components and on the circumstances (humidity, dust, age). With respect to luminaires, IEC 598 restricts these currents to 0.5 or 1 mA, depending on the insulation classification.The earth connection may consist of an earth lead or the capacitance between the luminaire and its surroundings.

The earth leakage current of a ballast normally is very low: all ballasts undergo a high-voltage insulation test of 2500 V to check their insulation resistance.This can be checked in practice with a Megger (Megohm meter) of minimum 500 V DC, resulting in an insulation resistance of more than 2 Megohm.Tests with burning lamps can give earth leakage currents of about 1 to 2 mA per lamp circuit. In older installations these values can be somewhat higher due to humidity, dust, cable capacity or during the starting period. But the earth leakage current never should be higher than 5 mA per lamp circuit.

There are two different applications for earth leakage devices:

1)to protect people from direct contact with live parts, reacting to the current through the human body; there are 10 and 30 mA devices,

2)to protect people and grounded installations, reacting to the direct current to earth; there are devices of 300 mA and higher.

3 19 Fault finding

When a lighting installation becomes inoperative, a complex, thorough, trouble-shooting procedure may prove overly time-consuming. In many cases, a simple check of the power switches, lamps and gear may provide the quickest response to the problem. In some cases, however, it may be necessary to isolate the problem systematically and perform complete electrical tests in order to restore the lighting properly. Besides, it is important to know if the installation or individual isolated lighting points did function well before the failure.

There are four basic causes of failures:

A:lamp-related: not starting, cycling, too bright or dim,

B:gear-related: too hot or damaged ballast, capacitor, starter,

C:installation-related: cable too hot, terminals or lampholder damaged, blown fuses, contactors or circuit breakers switched,

D:supply-voltage-related: too high, too low, wrong frequency, bad voltage waveform.

There are also four basic trouble-shooting methods:

1.visual inspection,

2.quick fix for restoring lighting,

3.trouble-shooting checklist,

4.electrical tests.

1A:Visual inspection of lamps

End-of-life of lamps is characterized by low light output and/or different colours.Visual signs include blackening at the ends of the arc tube and electrode tip deterioration.

Additional checks:

-broken lamp pins,

-broken or loose electrodes in lamp tube,

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Contents 107 Main ballast functionsStabilisation Ignition and re-ignitionResistor ballasts Types of ballasts108 Ignition and re-ignitionInductive ballasts or chokes 109Types of ballasts Capacitor ballasts110 Ballast specification and markingBallast specification and marking Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT111 112 Watt losses113 Glow-switch startersMain starter function Starter typesStarter types 114Electronic starters LifetimeComponents 115Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector Capacitors116 Components117 Capacitors Filter coilsIEC 119 Power factor correctionFilter coils 120 Power factor correction121 SinLamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current Placed in series with one of the ballasts 122123 Series connection of lampsGood neutral is essential Neutral interruption and resonance124 Series connection of lampsNeutral interruption and resonance 125PL-TSC 4-pins Electrical diagrams126 ‘TL’D, PL-L Electrical diagrams127 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporatedMains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion 128Harmonic distortion 129Ninth harmonic 130131 Electromagnetic interferenceReinforce each other Electromagnetic interference 132133 Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures Minimum temperatures LampsLuminaires Maximum temperatures Lamps134 GearBallasts 135Starters 136 Effects of mains voltage fluctuations137 Electrical wiring138 Electrical wiringSee IEC 598, section 139 Hum140 DimmingDimming Coil in series and by a thyristor 141For this subject, see also section Lamps Stroboscopic effect and striations142 Stroboscopic effect and striations143 144 145 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakageStandard conditions Main circuit breakers work on two principles 146According to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the ballast 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the lampShort-circuiting of the series capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor1AVisual inspection of lamps Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 149150 151 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickersElectrical tests 152 Fault finding153 Installation aspectsType ballast should be used Non-standard supply voltages MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages 154

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.
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