Philips Electromagnetic Lamp manual 148, Short-circuiting of the ignitor, Earth leakage

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3.18

Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage

3) Short-circuiting of the ignitor

At the end of the lifetime of a glow-switch starter the bimetal electrodes will stick together and will not re-open again.Then the short-circuit current will continuously flow through the lamp electrodes, resulting in strong lamp end blackening and a hot ballast.This effect often can be found in practice if the maintenance of the installation is not well done. It is advisable to renew also the glow-switch starter at lamp replacement.

4) Short-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor

This results in a complete short-circuit of the mains, so the mains fuse will react. In fact, short-circuiting of the capacitor will not occur in practice as capacitors for lighting applications must have a switch-off mechanism that results in an open circuit during excessive capacitor currents. In that case the circuit is not compensated, so the mains current will rise.

Regular control of mains current and/or power factor is advisable.

5) Short-circuiting of the series capacitor

In fact there are no visible signs or critical effects when the series capacitor is short-circuited.The lamp circuit will function normally, but only the power factor will change and will shift.

3 Earth leakage

There are two different official earth classifications:

1)Protective earth (PE) with symbol , which must ensure safety in case of (human) contact with accessible metal parts that can become

live, e.g. at the end of the life of a component.

2)Functional earth with symbol , necessary to connect for reasons other than safety.

With electromagnetic lamp control gear we only have to deal with protective earthing, which is permissible by mounting the gear to an earthed metal component.

Capacitors in metal housings can often be mounted by means of a metal stud (see Fig. 141).

Fig. 141. Typical capacitor with metal stud fixing.

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Contents Ignition and re-ignition Main ballast functionsStabilisation 107Ignition and re-ignition Types of ballasts108 Resistor ballastsCapacitor ballasts 109Types of ballasts Inductive ballasts or chokesBallast specification and marking 110Maximum coil temperature tw and ΔT Ballast specification and marking111 Watt losses 112Starter types Glow-switch startersMain starter function 113114 Starter types115 LifetimeComponents Electronic startersComponents Capacitors116 Discharge tube Starter Capacitor Ballast Thermal protector117 Filter coils CapacitorsIEC Power factor correction 119Filter coils Power factor correction 120Sin 121Lamp factor = lamp wattage / lamp voltage . lamp current 122 Placed in series with one of the ballastsSeries connection of lamps 123Series connection of lamps Neutral interruption and resonance124 Good neutral is essential125 Neutral interruption and resonanceElectrical diagrams PL-TSC 4-pins126 PL-S, PL-C starter incorporated Electrical diagrams127 ‘TL’D, PL-L128 Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuitingHarmonic distortion Mains voltage interruptions and short-circuiting129 Harmonic distortion130 Ninth harmonicElectromagnetic interference 131Reinforce each other 132 Electromagnetic interferenceMinimum temperatures Lamps Ambient and operating temperaturesAmbient and operating temperatures 133Gear Maximum temperatures Lamps134 Luminaires135 BallastsStarters Effects of mains voltage fluctuations 136Electrical wiring 137Electrical wiring 138See IEC 598, section Hum 139Dimming 140Dimming 141 Coil in series and by a thyristorStroboscopic effect and striations Stroboscopic effect and striations142 For this subject, see also section Lamps143 144 Circuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 145Standard conditions 146 Main circuit breakers work on two principlesAccording to CEE-19-2ndedition L, U and K Short-circuiting of the lamp 147Non-standard conditions Short-circuiting of the ballastShort-circuiting of the parallel compensating capacitor 148Short-circuiting of the ignitor Short-circuiting of the series capacitor149 Fault findingCircuit breakers, fusing and earth leakage 1AVisual inspection of lamps150 Fault finding Fault IV lamp flickers 151Electrical tests Fault finding 152Installation aspects 153Type ballast should be used 154 MaintenanceNon-standard supply voltages Non-standard supply voltages

Electromagnetic Lamp specifications

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In conclusion, the Philips Electromagnetic Lamp is a perfect blend of efficiency, durability, and advanced technology. Its electromagnetic capabilities, long-lasting construction, diverse options, and smart compatibility make it an outstanding choice for anyone seeking a sustainable lighting solution without compromising on performance.
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