Philips S1D13505 - page 338

Page 6 Epson Research and Development

Vancouver Design Center

S1D13505 Windows® CE 2.x Display Drivers

X23A-E-001-06 Issue Date: 01/05/25

For example, the display driver section of PLATFORM.REG should be as follows

when using a 640x480 LCD panel with a color depth of 8 bpp in SwivelView 0°

(landscape) mode:

; Default for EPSON Display Driver

; 640x480 at 8 bits/pixel, LCD display, no rotation

; Useful Hex Values

; 1024=0x400, 768=0x300 640=0x280 480=0x1E0 320=140 240=0xF0

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Drivers\Display\S1D13505]

"Width"=dword:280

"Height"=dword:1E0

"Bpp"=dword:8

“ActiveDisp”=dword:1

“Rotation”=dword:0

11. Delete all the files in the x:\wince\release directory, and delete x:\wince\plat-

form\cepc\*.bif

12. Generate the proper building environment by double-clicking on the sample project

icon (i.e. X86 DEMO7).

13. Type BLDDEMO <ENTER> at the command prompt of the X86 DEMO7 window to

generate a Windows CE image file (NK.BIN).

Build for CEPC (X86) on Windows CE Platform Builder 2.1x using a Command-Line Interface

Throughout this section 2.1x refers to either 2.11 or 2.12 as appropriate.

1. Install Microsoft Windows NT v4.0 or 2000.

2. Install Microsoft Visual C/C++ version 5.0 or 6.0.

3. Install Platform Builder 2.1x by running SETUP.EXE from compact disk #1.

4. Follow the steps below to create a “Build Epson for x86” shortcut which uses the

current “Minshell” project icon/shortcut on the Windows desktop.

a. Right click on the “Start” menu on the taskbar.

b. Click on the item “Explore”, and “Exploring -- Start Menu” window will come

up.

c. Under “x:\winnt\profiles\all users\start menu\programs\microsoft windows ce

platform builder\x86 tools”, find the icon “Build Minshell for x86”.

d. Drag the icon “Build Minshell for x86” onto the desktop using the right mouse

button.

Contents

Main Page Customer Support Information Comprehensive Support Tools Evaluation / Demonstration Board Chip Documentation Technical manual includes Data Sheet, Application Notes, and Programmers Reference. Page GRAPHICS S1D13505 S1D13505 EMBEDDED RAMDAC LCD/CRT CONTROLLER October 2001 X23A-C-002-15 2 GRAPHICS S1D13505 S1D13505 CPU Driver Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 1.1 Scope 1.2 Overview Description 2 Features 2.1 Memory Interface 2.2 CPU Interface 2.3 Display Support 2.4 Display Modes 2.5 Display Features 2.6 Clock Source 2.7 Miscellaneous Epson Research and Development Page 15 3 Typical System Implementation Diagrams Figure 3-1: Typical System Diagram (SH-4 Bus) . Figure 3-2: Typical System Diagram (SH-3 Bus) SH-4 Figure 3-3: Typical System Diagram (MC68K Bus 1, 16-Bit 68000) Figure 3-4: Typical System Diagram (MC68K Bus 2, 32-Bit 68030) MC68000 MC68030 Epson Research and Development Page 17 Figure 3-5: Typical System Diagram (Generic Bus) Figure 3-6: Typical System Diagram (NEC VR41xx (MIPS) Bus) Generic MIPS Page 18 Epson Research and Development Figure 3-7: Typical System Diagram (Philips PR31500/PR3 1700 Bus) Figure 3-8: Typical System Diagram (Toshiba TX3912 Bu s) PR31500 BUS /PR31700 Philips Figure 3-9: Typical System Diagram (Power PC Bus) Figure 3-10: Typical System Diagram (PC Card (PCMCIA) Bus) PowerPC 256Kx16 PC Card 4 Internal Description 4.1 Block Diagram Showing Datapaths 4.2 Block Descriptions 4.2.1 Register 4.2.2 Host Interface 4.2.3 CPU R/W Page Page 22 Epson Research and Development 5 Pins 5.1 Pinout Diagram Figure 5-1: Pinout Diagram S1D13505 5.2 Pin Description Key: 5.2.1 Host Interface Page Page Page Page Page 5.2.2 Memory Interface Page 5.2.3 LCD Interface 5.2.4 CRT Interface Table 5-2: LCD 5.2.5 Miscellaneous 5.3 Summary of Configuration Options 5.4 Multiple Function Pin Mapping Page Page Epson Research and Development Page 37 } 5.5 CRT Interface The following figure shows the external circuitry for the CRT interface. Figure 5-3: External Circuitry for CRT Interface 4.6 mA 6 D.C. Characteristics Page Page Page 7 A.C. Characteristics 7.1 CPU Interface Timing 7.1.1 SH-4 Interface Timing Page 7.1.2 SH-3 Interface Timing Page 7.1.3 MC68K Bus 1 Interface Timing (e.g. MC68000) Page 7.1.4 MC68K Bus 2 Interface Timing (e.g. MC68030) Page 7.1.5 PC Card Interface Timing Page 7.1.6 Generic Interface Timing Page 7.1.7 MIPS/ISA Interface Timing Page 7.1.8 Philips Interface Timing (e.g. PR31500/PR31700) The Philips interface has different clock input requirements as follows: 7.1.9 Toshiba Interface Timing (e.g. TX3912) The Toshiba interface has different clock input requirements as follows: 7.1.10 Power PC Interface Timing (e.g. MPC8xx, MC68040, Coldfire) Page 7.2 Clock Input Requirements When CLKI is more than 40MHz, REG[19h] bit 2 must be set to 1 (MCLK = CLKI/2). 7.3 Memory Interface Timing 7.3.1 EDO-DRA M Read/Write/Read-Write Timing Page Page 7.3.2 EDO-DRAM CAS Before RAS Refresh Timing Page 7.3.3 EDO-DRAM Self-Refresh Timing 7.3.4 FPM-DRAM Read/Write/Read-Write Timing Page Page 7.3.5 FPM-DRAM CAS Before RAS Refresh Timing 7.3.6 FPM-DRAM Self-Refresh Timing 7.4 Power Sequencing 7.4.1 LCD Power Sequencing Where TFPFRAME is the period of FPFRAME and TPCLK is the period of the pixel clock. 7.4.2 Power Save Status Page 76 Epson Research and Development 7.5 Display Interface 7.5.1 4-Bit Single Monochrome Passive LCD Panel Timing HNDP = Horizontal Non-Display Period = ((REG[05h] bits [4:0]) + 1)*8Ts Page 7.5.2 8-Bit Single Monochrome Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-26: 8-Bit Single Monochrome Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.3 4-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-28: 4-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.4 8-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing (Format 1) Figure 7-30: 8-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing (Format 1) Page 7.5.5 8-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing (Format 2) Figure 7-32: 8-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing (Format 2) Page 7.5.6 16-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-34: 16-Bit Single Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.7 8-Bit Dual Monochrome Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-36: 8-Bit Dual Monochrome Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.8 8-Bit Dual Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-38: 8-Bit Dual Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.9 16-Bit Dual Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Figure 7-40: 16-Bit Dual Color Passive LCD Panel Timing Page 7.5.10 16-Bit TFT/D-TFD Panel Timing Figure 7-42: 16-Bit TFT/D-TFD Panel Timing HNDP = Horizontal Non-Display Period = HNDP1 + HNDP2= ((REG[05h] bits [4:0]) + 1)*8Ts Figure 7-43: TFT/D-TFD A.C. Timing Page 7.5.11 CRT Timing Figure 7-44: CRT Timing HNDP = Horizontal Non-Display Period = HNDP1 + HNDP2= ((REG[05h] bits [4:0]) + 1)*8Ts Page 8 Registers 8.1 Register Mapping 8.2 Register Descriptions 8.2.1 Revision Code Register 8.2.2 Memory Configuration Registers 8.2.3 Panel/Monitor Configuration Registers Page Page Page Page 8.2.4 Display Configuration Registers Page Page Page 8.2.5 Clock Configuration Register 8.2.6 Power Save Configuration Registers 8.2.7 Miscellaneous Registers Page Page Page Page Page 8.2.8 Look-Up Table Registers 8.2.9 Ink/Cursor Registers Page Page Alternate FRM Register 9 Display Buffer 9.1 Image Buffer 9.2 Ink/Cursor Buffers 9.3 Half Frame Buffer Page 124 Epson Research and Development 10 Display Configuration 10.1 Display Mode Data Format The following diagrams show the display mode data formats for a little-endian system. Figure 10-1: 1/2/4/8 Bit-per-pixel Format Memory Organization Epson Research and Development Page 125 Figure 10-2: 15/16 Bit-per-pixel Format Memory Organization 10.2 Image Manipulation 11 Look-Up Table Architecture The following figures are intended to show the display data output path only. 11.1 Monochrome Modes The green Look-Up Table (LUT) is used for all monochrome modes. 1 Bit-per-pixel Monochrome mode Figure 11-1: 1 Bit-per-pixel Monochrome Mode Data Output Path 4 Bit-per-pixel Monochrome Mode Figure 11-3: 4 Bit-per-pixel Monochrome Mode Data Output Path 11.2 Color Modes 1 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Figure 11-4: 1 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Data Output Path 2 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Figure 11-5: 2 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Data Output Path 4 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Figure 11-6: 4 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Data Output Path 8 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Figure 11-7: 8 Bit-per-pixel Color Mode Data Output Path 12 Ink/Cursor Architecture 12.1 Ink/Cursor Buffers 12.2 Ink/Cursor Data Format 12.3 Ink/Cursor Image Manipulation 12.3.1 Ink Image 12.3.2 Cursor Image 13 SwivelView 13.1 Concept 13.2 Image Manipulation in SwivelView 13.3 Physical Memory Requirement 13.4 Limitations 14 Clocking 14.1 Maximum MCLK: PCLK Ratios Page 14.2 Frame Rate Calculation The frame rate is calculated using the following formula: Where: 50ns Page 14.3 Bandwidth Calculation Page 50ns Page 15 Power Save Modes 16 Mechanical Data Figure 16-1: Mechanical Drawing QFP15 Page Page Page Page Page Page List of Tables Page List of Figures Page Page 2 Initialization Page Table 2-1: S1D13505 Initialization Sequence (Continued) 2.1 Miscellaneous 3 Memory Models 3.1 Display Buffer Location 3.1.1 Memor y Organization for One Bit-Per-Pixel (2 Colors/Gray Shades) 3.1.2 Memory Organization for Two Bit-Per-Pixel (4 Colors/Gray Shades) 3.1.3 M emory Organization for Four Bit-Per-Pixel (16 Colors/Gray Shades) 3.1.4 Memory Organization for Eight Bit-Per-Pixel (256 Colors/16 Gray Shades) 3.1.5 Memory Organization for Fifteen Bit-Per-Pixel (32768 Colors/16 Gray Shades) 3.1.6 Memory Organization for Sixteen Bit-Per-Pixel (65536 Colors/16 Gray Shades) 4 Look-Up Table (LUT) 4.1 Look-Up Table Registers 4.2 Look-Up Table Organization Page Page Page 15 bpp color The Look-Up Table is bypassed at this color depth, hence programming the LUT is not necessary. 16 bpp color Table 4-5: Suggested LUT Values to Simulate VGA Default 256 Color Palette (Continued) Page Page Page 5 Advanced Techniques 5.1 Virtual Display 5.1.1 Registers 5.1.2 Examples 5.2 Panning and Scrolling 5.2.1 Registers 5.2.2 Examples Page 5.3 Split Screen 5.3.1 Registers Page 5.3.2 Examples 6 LCD Power Sequencing and Power Save Modes 6.1 LCD Power Sequencing 6.1.1 Registers 6.1.2 LCD Power Disable 6.2 Software Power Save 6.2.1 Registers The Suspend Refresh Select bits should never be changed while in suspend mode. 6.3 Hardware Power Save 7 Hardware Cursor/Ink Layer 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Registers Page 7.3 Limitations 7.3.1 Updating Hardware Cursor Addresses 7.3.2 Reg[29h] And Reg[2Bh] 7.3.3 Reg [30h] 7.3.4 No Top/Left Clipping on Hardware Cursor 8 SwivelView 8.1 Introduction To SwivelView 8.2 S1D13505 SwivelView 8.3 Registers 8.4 Limitations 8.5 Examples Page 9 CRT Considerations 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 CRT Only 9.1.2 Simultaneous Display 10 Identifying the S1D13505 11 Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Contents of the HAL_STRUCT 11.3 Using the HAL library 11.4 API for 13505HAL Table 11-1: HAL Functions (Continued) 11.5 Initialization Table 11-1: HAL Functions (Continued) Page See note from seSetInit(). 11.5.1 General HAL Support Page Page This call applies to the S1D13505 ISA evaluation cards only. 11.5.2 Advanced HAL Functions It is assumed that the system has been properly initialized prior to calling seSplitInit(). The system must have been properly initi alized prior to calling seVirtInit() seVirtInit() must be called before calling seVirtMove(). 11.5.3 Register / Memory Access Page If offset + count > memory size, this functio n will limit the writes to the end of memory. If offset + (count*2) > memory size, this function will limit the writes to the end of memory. If offset + (count*4) > memory size, this function will limit the writes to the end of memory. 11.5.4 Color Manipulation Page 11.5.5 Drawing The Drawing section covers HAL functions that deal with displaying pixels, lines and shapes. Page The 'SolidFill' argument is currently unused and is included for future considerations. The SolidFill argument is currently unused and is included for future considerations. 11.5.6 Hardware Cursor Page Page Page 11.5.7 Ink Layer Page Page 11.5.8 Power Save 11.6 Porting LIBSE to a new target platform 11.6.1 Building the LIBSE library for SH3 target example 11.6.2 Building the HAL library for the target example 11.6.3 Building a complete application for the target example Page Page Page 12 Sample Code 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Sample code using the S1D13505 HAL API Page 12.1.2 Sample code without using the S1D13505 HAL API Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 12.1.3 Header Files Page The following header file defines the S1D13505 HAL registers. The following header file defines the structures used in the S1D13505 HAL API. Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Appendix A Supported Panel Values A.1 Supported Panel Values Table 12-2: Passive Single Panel @ 640x480 with 40MHz Pixel Clock Table 12-3: Passive Dual Panel @ 640x480 with 40MHz Pixel Clock Table 12-4: TFT Single Panel @ 640x480 with 25.175 MHz Pixel Clock S1D13505F00A Register Summary X23A-R-001-04 S1D13505F00A Register Summary Page 1 01/02/06 S1D13505F00A Register Summary X23A-R-001-04 Page 2 01/02/06 13505CFG Configuration Program Document Number: X23A-B-001-04 Page Page Page 13505CFG S1D13505 Supported Evaluation Platforms Installation Usage 13505CFG Configuration Tabs General Tab Page Preferences Tab Memory Tab Page Clocks Tab Page Page Panel Tab Page Page Page CRT/TV Tab Registers Tab 13505CFG Menus Open... Save Save As... Configure Multiple Export Enable Tooltips ERD on the Web About 13505CFG Page Page Page 13505SHOW 13505SHOW Examples Page Page Page Page Page Page 13505SPLT 13505SPLT Example Page Page Page Page 13505VIRT Page 13505VIRT Example Page Page Page 13505PLAY Page 13505PLAY Example Scripting Page Page Page Page 13505BMP Hardware Cursor/Ink Layer Table 1: 4 Bpp to 2 Bpp Translation 13505BMP Examples Page Page Page Page Page 13505PWR 13505PWR Examples Page Page Windows CE 2.x Display Drivers Document Number: X23A-E-001-06 Page WINDOWS CE 2.x DISPLAY DRIVERS Example Driver Builds Page Page Page Page Page Installation for CEPC Environment Configuration Compile Switches Mode File Page Page Page Page Wind River WindML v2.0 DISPLAY DRIVERS Building a WindML v2.0 Display Driver Page Page Wind River UGL v1.2 Display Drivers Document Number: X23A-E-003-02 Page Wind River UGL v1.2 Display Drivers Building a UGL v1.2 Display Driver Page Page Windows CE 3.x Display Drivers Document Number: X23A-E-006-01 Page WINDOWS CE 3.x DISPLAY DRIVERS Example Driver Builds Page Page Page Page Page Installation for CEPC Environment Configuration Compile Switches Mode File Resource Management Issues Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 1.1 Features 2 Installation and Configuration 3 LCD Interface Pin Mapping Table 3-1: LCD Signal Connector (J6) 4 CPU/Bus Interface Connector Pinouts Table 4-1: CPU/BUS Connector (H1) Pinout Page 5 Host Bus Interface Pin Mapping 6 Technical Description 6.1 ISA Bus Support 6.2 Non-ISA Bus Support Page Page 6.8 Color TFT/D-TFD LCD Panel Support 6.9 CRT Support 6.10 Power Save Modes 6.11 Adjustable LCD Panel Negative Power Supply 6.12 Adjustable LCD Panel Positive Power Supply 6.13 CPU/Bus Interface Header Strips 6.14 Schematic Notes 7 Parts List Page Page 20 Epson Research and Development 8 Schematic Diagrams Figure 1: S1D13505B00C Schematic Diagram (1 of 4) Epson Research and Development Page 21 Figure 2: S1D13505B00C Schematic Diagram (2 of 4) Page 22 Epson Research and Development Figure 3: S1D13505B00C Schematic Diagram (3 of 4) Epson Research and Development Page 23 Figure 4: S1D13505B00C Schematic Diagram (4 of 4) Page S5U13505-D9000 Evaluation Board User Manual Document Number: X23A-G-002-04 Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Features 2.1 S1D13505 Embedded RAMDAC LCD/CRT Controller 2.1.1 Display Buffer 2.1.2 LCD Display Support Table 2-1: LCD Connector Pinout 2.1.3 Touchscreen Support 2.1.4 CRT Support 2.1.5 Jumper Selection 2.1.6 Adjustable LCD BIAS Power Supply Page 3 D9000 Specifics 3.1 Interface Signals 3.1.1 Connector Pinout for Channel A6 and A7 Table 3-1: Connectors Pinout for Channel A7 Table 3-1: Connectors Pinout for Channel A7 (Continued) Table 3-2: Connectors Pinout for Channel A6 Table 3-2: Connectors Pinout for Channel A6 (Continued) 3.1.2 Memory Address (CS#, M/R#) Decoding 3.2 FPGA Code Functionality 3.3 Board Dimensions 4 Parts List Epson Research and Development Page 19 Evaluation Board User Manual S5U13505-D9000 Issue Date: 01/02/05 X23A-G-002-04 5 Schematic Diagrams Figure 5-1: S5U13505-D9000 Schematic Diagram (1 of 3) Page 20 Epson Research and Development S5U13505-D9000 Evaluation Board User Manual X23A-G-002-04 Issue Date: 01/02/05 Figure 5-2: S5U13505-D9000 Schematic Diagram (2 of 3) Epson Research and Development Page 21 Evaluation Board User Manual S5U13505-D9000 Issue Date: 01/02/05 X23A-G-002-04 Figure 5-3: S5U13505-D9000 Schematic Diagram (3 of 3) Page Page Page 1 S1D13505 Power Consumption 1.1 Conditions 2 Summary Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the PR31500/PR31700 3.1 PR31500/PR31700 Host Bus Interface Pin Mapping 3.2 PR31500/PR31700 Host Bus Interface Signals 4 Direct Connection to the Philips PR31500/PR31700 Page 4.3 Memory Mapping and Aliasing 5 System Design Using the IT8368E PC Card Buffer 5.1 Hardware Description 5.2 IT8368E Configuration 5.3 S1D13505 Configuration 6 Software 7 References 7.1 Documents 7.2 Document Sources 8 Technical Support 8.1 EPSON LCD/CRT Controllers (S1D13505) 8.3 ITE IT8368E 8.2 Philips MIPS PR31500/PR31700 Processor Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the PC Card Bus 2.1 The PC Card System Bus 2.1.1 PC Card Overview 2.1.2 Memory Access Cycles Page Figure 2-2: illustrates a typical memory access write cycle on the PC Card bus. Figure 2-2: PC Card Write Cycle 3.1 PC Card Host Bus Interface Pin Mapping 3.2 PC Card Host Bus Interface Signals 4 PC Card to S1D13505 Interface The following diagram shows a typical implementation of the PC Card to S1D13505 interface. Figure 4-1: Typical Implementation of PC Card to S1D13505 Interface 4.3 Performance 4.4 Register/Memory Mapping Page Page 7.2 PC Card Standard Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the VR4102/VR4111 2.1 The NEC VR4102/VR4111 System Bus 2.1.2 LCD Memory Access Cycles Page 3.2 Host Bus Interface Signals Descriptions 4 VR4102/VR4111 to S1D13505 Interface Figure 4-1: NEC VR4102/VR4111 to S1D13505 Configuration Schematic 4.3 NEC VR4102/VR4111 Configuration Page Page 7.2 NEC Electronics Inc. (VR4102/VR4111). Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the MPC821 2.1 The MPC8xx System Bus 2.2 MPC821 Bus Overview 2.2.1 Normal (Non-Burst) Bus Transactions 2.2.2 Burst Cycles 2.3 Memory Controller Module 2.3.1 General-Purpose Chip Select Module (GPCM) 2.3.2 User-Programmable Machine (UPM) 3.1 PowerPC Host Bus Interface Pin Mapping 3.2 PowerPC Host Bus Interface Signals 4 MPC821 to S1D13505 Interface 4.2 Hardware Connections Table 4-1: List of Connections from MPC821ADS to S1D13505 (Continued) 4.3 S1D13505 Hardware Configuration 4.4 Register/Memory Mapping 4.5 MPC821 Chip Select Configuration 4.6 Test Software Page Page 7.2 Motorola MPC821 Processor Motorola Design Line, (800) 521-6274. Local Motorola sales office or authorized di stributor. Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the TX3912 3.1 TX3912 Host Bus Interface Pin Mapping 3.2 TX3912 Host Bus Interface Signals 4 Direct Connection to the Toshiba TX3912 Page 4.3 Memory Mapping and Aliasing 5 System Design Using the IT8368E PC Card Buffer 5.1 Hardware Description 5.2 IT8368E Configuration 5.3 S1D13505 Configuration 6 Software 7 References 7.1 Documents 7.2 Document Sources 8 Technical Support 8.1 EPSON LCD/CRT Controllers (S1D13505) 8.2 Toshiba MIPS TX3912 Processor 8.3 ITE IT8368E Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the NEC VR4121 2.1 The NEC VR4121 System Bus 2.1.2 LCD Memory Access Cycles Page 3.2 Host Bus Interface Signal Descriptions 4 VR4121 to S1D13505 Interface Figure 4-1: NEC VR4121 to S1D13505 Configuration Schematic 4.3 NEC VR4121 Configuration 4.4 Memory Mapping and Aliasing Page Page 7.2 NEC Electronics Inc. (VR4121). Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page 2 Interfacing to the NEC V832 2.1 The NEC V832 System Bus 2.1.2 Access Cycles Page 3.2 Host Bus Interface Signal Descriptions 4 V832 to S1D13505 Interface Note: Figure 4-1: NEC V832 to S1D13505 Configuration Schematic Page 4.3 NEC V832 Configuration 4.4 Memory Mapping and Aliasing Table 4-3: NEC V832 IO Address Range For Each CSn Line Page Page 7.2 NEC Electronics Inc. (V832).