Making Basic Measurements

 

Measuring Low Level Signals

 

The video bandwidth must be set wider than the resolution bandwidth

NOTE

 

when measuring impulse noise levels.

Figure 1-31 Decreasing Video Bandwidth

 

Measuring Low Level Signals Example 4:

 

If a signal level is very close to the noise floor, video averaging is

 

another way to make the signal more visible.

 

The time required to construct a full trace that is averaged to the

NOTE

 

desired degree is approximately the same when using either the video

 

bandwidth or the video averaging technique. The video bandwidth

 

technique completes the averaging as a slow sweep is taken, whereas

 

the video averaging technique takes many sweeps to complete the

 

average. Characteristics of the signal being measured, such as drift and

 

duty cycle, determine which technique is appropriate.

 

Video averaging is a digital process in which each trace point is

 

averaged with the previous trace-point average. Selecting Average Type,

 

Video Avg and Average (On) changes the detection mode from peak to

 

sample. The result is a sudden drop in the displayed noise level. The

 

sample mode displays the instantaneous value of the signal at the end

 

of the time or frequency interval represented by each display point,

 

rather than the value of the peak during the interval. Sample mode is

 

not used to measure signal amplitudes accurately because it may not

 

find the true peak of the signal.

 

Video averaging clarifies low-level signals in wide bandwidths by

 

averaging the signal and the noise. As the analyzer takes sweeps, you

 

can watch video averaging smooth the trace.

Chapter 1

39

Page 38 Page 40
Page 39
Image 39
Agilent Technologies E7401A, E7405A, E7402A, E7404A, E7403A manual Decreasing Video Bandwidth
Page 38 Page 40

E7402A, E7405A, E7404A, E7401A, E7403A specifications

Agilent Technologies, a leader in test and measurement solutions, offers a range of spectrum analyzers designed to meet the evolving demands of the electronics industry. The E7403A, E7401A, E7404A, E7405A, and E7402A are prominent models that embody advanced features and technologies, enhancing performance, accuracy, and user experience.

The E7403A is recognized for its high-quality performance and wide frequency range. This model offers frequency coverage from 9 kHz to 3 GHz, making it suitable for both commercial and academic research applications. With a phase noise of -100 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset, it delivers exceptional sensitivity. The E7403A also features a built-in tracking generator, facilitating effective signal generation for testing.

Next in line, the E7401A provides similar frequency coverage but is optimized for portable functionality. Weighing significantly less than its counterparts, it is easy to transport, making it ideal for field applications. Users benefit from its fast sweep speed of up to 3 GHz, which is crucial in quickly identifying and analyzing signals.

The E7404A excels in its comprehensive analysis capabilities. With a frequency range extending up to 6 GHz, it supports more demanding applications, including wireless communications and satellite technology. Its advanced digital signal processing capabilities enable the analysis of complex modulated signals, providing engineers with the data needed to troubleshoot and optimize system performance.

The E7405A is a highly versatile model that offers frequency coverage from 9 kHz to 20 GHz. This wide frequency range, combined with high dynamic range, supports the testing of various electronic devices and systems. It features advanced measurement options including occupied bandwidth, adjacent channel power, and sensitivity measurements, which are critical for compliance testing in communication systems.

Lastly, the E7402A is designed for users who require a spectrum analyzer with enhanced functionality at a competitive price. It reaches frequencies of up to 1.5 GHz, making it suitable for various applications including RF design, development, and manufacturing. Its user-friendly interface ensures that both novice and experienced users can navigate its features with ease.

In conclusion, Agilent Technologies' E7403A, E7401A, E7404A, E7405A, and E7402A spectrum analyzers provide a robust set of features tailored to meet diverse industry needs. Utilizing sophisticated technologies, these models ensure precise and efficient signal analysis, making them indispensable tools for engineers and researchers in the fast-paced world of electronics.
Top Page Image Contents