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Campbell Manufacturing CR10 Unit vector mean wind direction, Θ1:, Scalar mean horizontal wind speed, S:, SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS

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SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS

In an example where the scan rate is 1 second and the Output Flag is set every 60 minutes, the standard deviation is calculated from all 3600 scans when the sub-interval is 0. With a sub-interval of 900 scans (15 minutes) the standard deviation is the average of the four sub-interval standard deviations. The last subinterval is weighted if it does not contain the specified number of scans.

There are three Output Options that specify the values calculated.

Option 0:

Mean horizontal wind speed, S. Unit vector mean wind direction, Θ1. Standard deviation of wind direction, σ(Θ1).

Standard deviation is calculated using the Yamartino algorithm. This option complies with EPA guidelines for use with straight- line Gaussian dispersion models to model plume transport.

Option 1:

Mean horizontal wind speed, S. Unit vector mean wind direction, Θ1.

Option 2:

Mean horizontal wind speed, S. Resultant mean wind speed, U. Resultant mean wind direction, Θu. Standard deviation of wind direction, σ(Θu).

This standard deviation is calculated using Campbell Scientific's wind speed weighted algorithm.

Use of the Resultant mean horizontal wind direction is not recommended for straight- line Gaussian dispersion models, but may be used to model transport direction in a variable-trajectory model.

Measured raw data:

Scalar mean horizontal wind speed, S:

S=(ΣSi)/N

where in the case of orthogonal sensors: Si=(Uei2+Uni2)1/2

Unit vector mean wind direction, Θ1:

Θ1=Arctan (Ux/Uy)

Si = horizontal wind speed Θi = horizontal wind direction

Uei = east-west component of wind Uni = north-south component of wind N = number of samples

Calculations:

11-2

Contents

CR10 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL MODULE OPERATOR'S MANUAL Page WARRANTY AND ASSISTANCE CR10 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL MODULE CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC, INC Page TABLE OF CONTENTS OV6. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS OV7. SPECIFICATIONS PROGRAMMING DATA RETRIEVAL/COMMUNICATION PROGRAM EXAMPLES INSTRUCTIONS 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS MEASUREMENTS INSTALLATION APPENDICES A. GLOSSARY D. CR10 37 PIN PORT DESCRIPTION Page Page SELECTED OPERATING DETAILS CAUTIONARY NOTES CR10 MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL MODULE OVERVIEW Page Page Page Page Page Page FIGURE OV2.1-1.Instruction Types and Storage Areas OV-8 Page FIGURE OV2.3-1.Program and Subroutine Tables OV2.3.2. THE OUTPUT INTERVAL OV-10 OV3.1 CR10 KEYBOARD/DISPLAY OV3.2 USING THE PC208 TERMINAL EMULATOR (GRAPHTERM) OV3.3 ASCII TERMINAL OR COMPUTER WITH TERMINAL EMULATOR OV3.3.1 COMPUTER/TERMINAL OV3.3.2 ESTABLISHING COMMUNICATION WITH THE CR10 OV4.1 FUNCTIONAL MODES OV-12 TABLE OV4.1-1.* Mode Summary Key Mode OV4.2 KEY DEFINITION TABLE OV4.2-1.Key Description/Editing NOTE OV4.4 INSTRUCTION FORMAT OV4.5 ENTERING A PROGRAM OV-14 OV-15 OV5.1 SAMPLE PROGRAM OV-16 OV5.2 SAMPLE PROGRAM OV-17 OV5.3 EDITING AN EXISTING PROGRAM OV-18 SAMPLE PROGRAM OV-19 OV6. DATA RETRIEVAL OPTIONS OV-20 Page Page Page OV7. SPECIFICATIONS Page Page SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES SECTION 1. FUNCTIONAL MODES 1.1.3 TABLE PRIORITY/INTERRUPTS 1.1.4 COMPILING A PROGRAM 1.2SETTING AND DISPLAYING THE CLOCK - *5 MODE TABLE 1.2-1.Sequence of Time Parameters in *5 Mode Display Description ID:DATA 1.3.2 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING USER FLAGS 1.3.3 DISPLAYING AND TOGGLING PORTS 1.4COMPILING AND LOGGING DATA - *0 MODE 1.5 MEMORY ALLOCATION - *A 1.5.1 INTERNAL MEMORY Page TABLE 1.5-1.Memory Allocation in CR10 (32K ROM, 64K RAM) 1.5.2 *A MODE TABLE 1.5-2.Description of *A Mode Data Keyboard Description of Data Page 1.6MEMORY TESTING AND SYSTEM STATUS - *B TABLE 1.6-1.Description of *B Mode Data TABLE 1.7-1.*C Mode Entries SECURITY DISABLED SECURITY ENABLED 1.7 *C MODE --SECURITY 1.8*D MODE --SAVE OR LOAD PROGRAM Page TABLE 1.8-2.ASCII and Storage Module Command Options Command Option Code Description TABLE 1.8-3.Program Load Error Codes 1.8.2PROGRAM TRANSFER WITH STORAGE MODULE Page SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE Page OUTPUT ARRAY OUTPUT ARRAY ID FIGURE 2.1-2.Output Array ID SECTION 2. INTERNAL DATA STORAGE DPTR 2.2.2INPUT AND INTERMEDIATE STORAGE DATA FORMAT 2.2DATA OUTPUT FORMAT AND RANGE LIMITS 2.2.1 RESOLUTION AND RANGE LIMITS TABLE 2.2-1.Resolution Range Limits of CR10 Data TABLE 2.3-1.*7 Mode Command Summary SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS SECTION 3. INSTRUCTION SET BASICS 3.5VOLTAGE RANGE AND OVERRANGE DETECTION 3.6 OUTPUT PROCESSING TABLE 3.5-1.Input Voltage Ranges and Codes Range Code 3.7USE OF FLAGS: OUTPUT AND PROGRAM CONTROL TABLE 3.7-1.Flag Description 3.7.1 THE OUTPUT FLAG 3.7.2THE INTERMEDIATE PROCESSING DISABLE FLAG TABLE 3.7-2.Example of the Use of Flag Inst Param Loc No FIGURE 3.8-2.Logical AND Construction FIGURE 3.8-3.Logical OR Construction 3.8.2 NESTING 3.9INSTRUCTION MEMORY AND EXECUTION TIME Page Page TABLE 3.9-2.Processing Instruction Memory and Execution Times R = No. of Reps INPUT MEMORY PROG INSTRUCTION Page TABLE 3.9-4.Program Control Instruction Memory and Execution Times 3.10 ERROR CODES TABLE 3.10-1.Error Codes Code Type Page SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS SECTION 4. EXTERNAL STORAGE PERIPHERALS TABLE 4.1-1.Output Device Codes for Instruction 96 and *8 Mode Code Device TABLE 4.2-1.*8 Mode Entries 4.2MANUALLY INITIATED DATA OUTPUT - *8 MODE 4.3 CASSETTE TAPE OPTION 4.3.1 CASSETTE RECORDER TABLE 4.3-1Cassette Recorder Specifications 4.3.2CASSETTE CONNECTOR INTERFACE CABLES WARNING: 4.3.3 TAPE FORMAT TABLE 4.3-2.Format 2 Specifications 4.3.4 CONNECTING TAPE TO CR10 4.4 PRINTER OUTPUT FORMATS 4.4.1 PRINTABLE ASCII FORMAT Page FIGURE 4.4-1.Example of CR10 Printable ASCII Output Format 4.4.2 COMMA DELINEATED ASCII 4.5 STORAGE MODULE (SM192/716) 4.5.1 STORAGE MODULE ADDRESSING 4.5.2STORAGE MODULE USE WITH INSTRUCTION 4.5.3*8 DUMP TO STORAGE MODULE 4.6*9 MODE --STORAGE MODULE COMMANDS Page TABLE 4.6-1.*9 Commands for Storage Module COMMAND DISPLAY DESCRIPTION Page SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTION 5. TELECOMMUNICATIONS A-M CRLF CRLF TABLE 5.1-1.Telecommunications Commands 2718H 3142J 5.2REMOTE PROGRAMMING OF THE CR10 SECTION 6. 9-PINSERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT SECTION 6. 9-PINSERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT FIGURE 6.2-1.Hardware Enabled and Synchronously Addressed Peripherals 6.2ENABLING AND ADDRESSING PERIPHERALS 6.2.1PIN-ENABLEDPERIPHERALS 6.2.2 ADDRESSED PERIPHERALS 6.3 RING INTERRUPTS FIGURE 6.3-1.Servicing of Ring Interrupts 6.4 INTERRUPTS DURING DATA TRANSFER 6.5MODEM/TERMINAL PERIPHERALS 6.6SYNCHRONOUS DEVICE COMMUNICATION STATE Page TABLE 6.6-1.SD Addresses 6.7MODEM/TERMINAL AND COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS 6.7.1 SC32A INTERFACE TABLE 6.7-1.SC32A Pin Description 25-PINFEMALE PORT: PIN # ABBREVIATION 9-PINMALE PORT: Page FIGURE 6.7-1.Transmitting the ASCII Character 6.7.3COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL/TROUBLE SHOOTING Page SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES SECTION 7. MEASUREMENT PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES FIGURE 7.2-1.Typical Connection for Active Sensor with External Battery 7.2DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT FIGURE 7.3-1.CR10TCR Mounted on the CR10 Wiring Panel 7.3 THERMOCOUPLE TEMPERATURES USING THE OPTIONAL CR10TCR TO MEASURE THE REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FIGURE 7.4-1.Thermocouples with External Reference Junction 7.5 107 TEMPERATURE PROBE 7.6207 TEMPERATURE AND RH PROBE 7.7ANEMOMETER WITH PHOTOCHOPPER OUTPUT FIGURE 7.7-1.Wiring Diagram for Anemometer FIGURE 7.8-1.Wiring Diagram for Rain Gage with Long Leads 7.8TIPPING BUCKET RAIN GAGE WITH LONG LEADS 7.9100 OHM PRT IN 4 WIRE HALF BRIDGE FIGURE 7.9-1.Wiring Diagram for PRT in 4 Wire Half Bridge FIGURE 7.10-1.3 Wire Half Bridge Used to Measure 100 ohm PRT 7.10100 OHM PRT IN 3 WIRE HALF BRIDGE FIGURE 7.11-1.Full Bridge Schematic for 100 ohm PRT 7.11100 OHM PRT IN 4 WIRE FULL BRIDGE 7.12PRESSURE TRANSDUCER - 4 WIRE FULL BRIDGE FIGURE 7.12-1.Wiring Diagram for Full Bridge Pressure Transducer FIGURE 7.13-1.Lysimeter Weighing Mechanism 7.13 LYSIMETER - 6 WIRE FULL BRIDGE FIGURE 7.13-2.6 Wire Full Bridge Connection for Load Cell 7.14227 GYPSUM SOIL MOISTURE BLOCK FIGURE 7.14-1.6 227 Gypsum Blocks Connected to the CR10 7.15NONLINEAR THERMISTOR IN HALF BRIDGE (MODEL 101 PROBE) FIGURE 7.15-1.101 Thermistor Probes Connected to CR10 7.16WATER LEVEL - GEOKON'S VIBRATING WIRE PRESSURE SENSOR TABLE 7.16-1Calibration Data for Sensor Page FIGURE 7.16-3.Hook up to AVW1 7.17PAROSCIENTIFIC "T" SERIES PRESSURE TRANSDUCER TABLE 7.17-1Period Averaging Inst TABLE 7.17-2Input Frequency Gain Codes TABLE 7.17-3Coefficient Entry Format for Paroscientific "T" Series Pressure Transducer Instruction Coeff Value FIGURE 7.17-1.CR10/Paroscientific "T" Series Transducer Wiring Diagram Page Page 7.18 SDM PERIPHERALS 7.19PAROSCIENTIFIC PRESSURE TRANSDUCER PROCESSING Page INPUT LOCATION LABELS: SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES SECTION 8. PROCESSING AND PROGRAM CONTROL EXAMPLES 8.2RAINFALL INTENSITY 8.3 USING CONTROL PORTS AND LOOP TO RUN AM416 MULTIPLEXER Page 8.4SUB 1 MINUTE OUTPUT INTERVAL SYNCHED TO REAL TIME 8.5INTERRUPT SUBROUTINE USED TO COUNT SWITCH CLOSURES (RAIN GAGE) FIGURE 8.5-1.Connections for Rain Gage 8.6SDM-A04ANALOG OUTPUT MULTIPLEXER TO STRIP CHART 8.7CONVERTING 0-360WIND DIRECTION OUTPUT TO 0-540FOR STRIP CHART 8.8USE OF 2 FINAL STORAGE AREAS - SAVING DATA PRIOR TO EVENT 8.9LOGARITHMIC SAMPLING USING LOOPS Output Interval Time into Test, min Loop # Page Page Page SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 9. INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS FIGURE 9-1.Conditioning for Long Duration Voltage Pulses CAUTION: TABLE 9-2.Pulse Count Configuration Codes Code Configuration *** 4 EXCITE, DELAY, AND MEASURE *** 5 AC HALF BRIDGE *** 6 FULL BRIDGE WITH SINGLE DIFFERENTIAL MEASUREMENT *** 7 THREE WIRE HALF BRIDGE *** 8 DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE WITH EXCITATION AND DELAY *** 9 FULL BRIDGE WITH EXCITATION COMPENSATION *** 10 BATTERY VOLTAGE *** 11 107 THERMISTOR PROBE Range (°C) Error (°C) *** 12 207 RELATIVE HUMIDITY PROBE Range (%RH) Error (%RH) Page TABLE 9-3.Thermocouple Type Codes Thermocouple Type TABLE 9-4.Voltage and Temperature Ranges for Thermocouples if the Reference is 20°C Voltage *** 17 INTERNAL TEMPERATURE *** 18 MOVE TIME TO INPUT LOCATION Time Units *** 19 MOVE SIGNATURE INTO INPUT LOCATION TABLE 9-5.Port Configuration Option Codes Code Function *** 22 EXCITATION WITH DELAY *** 23 BURST MEASUREMENT Page Burst/Telecommunications Considerations Burst data sent to input locations Burst data sent to Serial I/O Port *** 24 CALIBRATION *** 25 PORT READ Page *** 26 TIMER *** 27 PERIOD MEASUREMENT Input Frequency Gain Codes *** 28 VIBRATING WIRE MEASUREMENT *** 101 SDM-INT8 *** 102 SDM-SW8A *** 103 SDM-AO4 *** 104 SDM-CD16AC *** 105 SDI-12RECORDER TABLE 9-6. SDI-12Command Codes *** 106 SDI-12SENSOR Page Results of Instruction SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 10. PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS *** 36 X * Y *** 37 X * F *** 38 X / Y *** 39 SQUARE ROOT *** 43 ABS(X) *** 44 FRACTIONAL VALUE *** 45 INTEGER VALUE *** 46 X MOD F XY *** 50 SPATIAL MINIMUM *** 51 SPATIAL AVERAGE *** 53 SCALING ARRAY WITH MULTIPLIER AND OFFSET *** 54 BLOCK MOVE *** 55 5TH ORDER POLYNOMIAL ***56 SATURATION VAPOR PRESSURE *** 57 VAPOR PRESSURE FROM WET-/DRY-BULBTEMPERATURES *** 58 LOW PASS FILTER *** 59 BRIDGE TRANSFORM *** 61 INDIRECT INDEXED MOVE *** 63 PARAMETER EXTENSION ***64 PAROSCIENTIFIC "T" SERIES PROCESSING *** 65 BULK LOAD *** 66 ARCTAN SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 11. OUTPUT PROCESSING INSTRUCTIONS Scalar mean horizontal wind speed, S: Unit vector mean wind direction, Θ1: Page *** 71 AVERAGE *** 72 TOTALIZE *** 73 MAXIMIZE Options *** 74 MINIMIZE Page *** 77 RECORD REAL TIME Result *** 78 SET HIGH OR LOW RESOLUTION DATA STORAGE FORMAT *** 79 SAMPLE ON MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM Page SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS SECTION 12. PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS *** 86 DO *** 87 LOOP Page TABLE 12-3.Loop Example: Block Data Transform TABLE 12-4.Example: Loop with Delay *** 88 IF X COMPARED TO Y TABLE 12-5.Comparison Codes Parameter Function *** 91 IF FLAG / PORT *** 92 IF TIME *** 93 BEGIN CASE STATEMENT *** 94 ELSE *** 95 END *** 96 ACTIVATE SERIAL DATA OUTPUT *** 97 INITIATE TELECOMMUNICATIONS *** 98 SEND CHARACTER Page SECTION 13. CR10 MEASUREMENTS SECTION 13. CR10 MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.2-1.Timing of Single-EndedMeasurement 13.2SINGLE-ENDEDAND DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.2-2.Differential Voltage Measurement Sequence 13.3THE EFFECT OF SENSOR LEAD LENGTH ON THE SIGNAL SETTLING TIME FIGURE 13.3-1.Input Voltage Rise and Transient Decay 13.3.1 THE INPUT SETTLING TIME CONSTANT TABLE 13.3-1.Exponential Decay, Percent of Maximum Error vs. Time in Units of τ Time Constants FIGURE 13.3-2.Typical Resistive Half Bridge FIGURE 13.3-3.Source Resistance Model for Half Bridge Connected to the CR10 DETERMINING SOURCE RESISTANCE DETERMINING LEAD CAPACITANCE FIGURE 13.3-4.Wire Manufacturers Capacitance Specifications, Cw TABLE 13.3-2.Properties of Three Belden Lead Wires Used by Campbell Scientific Conductors Insulation AWG FIGURE 13.3-6.Resistive Half Bridge Connected to Single-EndedCR10 Input TABLE 13.3-3.Settling Error, in Degrees for 024A Wind Direction Sensor vs. Lead Length Wind Page Page Page Page FIGURE 13.3-8.Measuring Input Settling Error with the CR10 FIGURE 13.3-9.Incorrect Lead Wire Extension on Model 107 Temperature Sensor 13.4THERMOCOUPLE MEASUREMENTS 13.4.1 ERROR ANALYSIS REFERENCE JUNCTION TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE LIMITS OF ERROR TABLE 13.4-1.Limits of Error for Thermocouple Wire (Reference Junction at 0°C) Limits of Error FIGURE 13.4-1.Thermistor Polynomial Error ACCURACY OF THE THERMOCOUPLE VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT Page TABLE 13.4-4.Example of Errors in Thermocouple Temperature Source Error °C % of Total Error FIGURE 13.4-2.Diagram of Junction Box 13.5BRIDGE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS Page FIGURE 13.5-2.Excitation and Measurement Sequence for 4 Wire Full Bridge TABLE 13.5-1.Comparison of Bridge Measurement Instructions Instr. # Circuit TABLE 13.5-2.Calculating Resistance Values from Bridge Measurement Instr. Result 6,8,9 Instr.# Multiplier; 13.6RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS REQUIRING AC EXCITATION INFLUENCE OF GROUND LOOP ON MEASUREMENTS FIGURE 13.6-1.AC Excitation and Measurement Sequence for AC Half Bridge FIGURE 13.6-2.Model of Resistive Sensor with Ground Loop AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION SEQUENCE 13.7 CALIBRATION PROCESS INSTRUCTION 24 CALIBRATION Page SECTION 14. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE SECTION 14. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE 14.3CAMPBELL SCIENTIFIC POWER SUPPLIES 14.3.1 PS12ALK ALKALINE POWER SUPPLY Page FIGURE 14.3-1.PS12 12 Volt Power Supply and Charging Regulator TABLE 14.3-1.Typical Alkaline Battery Service and Temperature Temperature (°C) % of 20°C Service Page TABLE 14.3-2.PS12LA Battery and AC Transformer Specifications Lead Acid Battery AC Transformer 14.3.3PS512M VOLTAGE REGULATOR WITH NULL MODEM PORTS 14.4 SOLAR PANELS 14.5DIRECT BATTERY CONNECTION TO THE CR10 WIRING PANEL 14.6VEHICLE POWER SUPPLY CONNECTIONS FIGURE 14.6-1.Connecting to Vehicle Power Supply 14.7 GROUNDING 14.7.1 PROTECTION FROM LIGHTNING FIGURE 14.7-1.Wiring Panel Grounding Diagram and Excitation Control 14.7.2EFFECT OF GROUNDING ON MEASUREMENTS: COMMON MODE RANGE 14.8 WIRING PANEL 14.9 SWITCHED 12 VOLT 14.10USE OF DIGITAL I/O PORTS FOR SWITCHING RELAYS FIGURE 14.10-1.Relay Driver Circuit with Relay FIGURE 14.10-2.Power Switching without Relay 14.11 MAINTENANCE Page APPENDIX A. GLOSSARY Page A-3 Page Page APPENDIX B. CR10 PROM SIGNATURE AND OPTIONAL SOFTWARE Page APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS APPENDIX C. BINARY TELECOMMUNICATIONS C-2 As an example of a negative value, the datalogger returns BF 82 0C 49 HEX As an example of a positive value, the datalogger returns 44 D9 99 9A HEX C.2 FINAL STORAGE FORMAT C-3 LO RESOLUTION FORMAT - D,E,F NOT ALL ONES Bits Decimal Location DATA TYPE WHEN D,E,F, ALL EQUAL ONE BITS DECIMAL FORMAT G H A 5 digits C.3 GENERATION OF SIGNATURE Page APPENDIX D. CR10 37 PIN PORT DESCRIPTION Page APPENDIX E. ASCII TABLE Page APPENDIX G. CHANGING RAM OR PROM CHIPS Page Page Page Page LIST OF TABLES OVERVIEW LT-1 LIST OF TABLES 6.9 PIN SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT 9.INPUT/OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS PROGRAM CONTROL INSTRUCTIONS LT-2 APPENDIX B. CR10 PROM SIGNATURE AND OPTIONAL SOFTWARE LT-3 Page LIST OF FIGURES LF-1 LIST OF FIGURES APPENDIX G. CHANGING RAM OR PROM CHIPS LF-2 CR10 INDEX CR10 INDEX OV-1 OV-6, 1-1, A-1, OV-7 4-6 8-2 Page Page Page OV-3