Data Encapsulation | Cisco Systems CCNA 2 manual

Figure 9: Data Encapsulation

Figure 10: Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 Frame Format

219 - 238 CCNA 2: Routers and Routing Basics v3.1 Instructor Guide – Appendix B

Copyright ♥ 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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Cisco Systems CCNA 2 manual Data Encapsulation

Contents

Page Welcome Student-Centered, Instructor-Facilitated One Size Does Not Fit All Hands-On, Skills-Based Global Community Guide Overview II. Course Overview Target AudiencePrerequisites Course Description Lab Requirements Certification Alignment Course Overview Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc III. Teaching Guide for Each TI Nomenclature Target indicator TI ModuleLearning objective LO Lesson Overview Module 1 WANs and RoutersModule 1 Caution Introduction to WANs WANsIntroduction to routers in a WAN Router LANs and WANs ROM Role of Routers in a WAN Academy approach to hands-on labs Router physical characteristics Routers Management port connections Router external connectionsConsole Port Connections Connecting Router LAN interfaces Connecting WAN interfaces Module 1 Summary Module 2 Introduction to Routers Module 2 Caution Operating Cisco IOS Software Purpose of Cisco IOS softwareRouter user interface Router user interface modes Cisco IOS software features Operation of Cisco IOS software Router LED indicators Initial router bootupStarting a Router Initial startup of Cisco routers Establish a console session Router loginKeyboard help in the router CLI Enhanced editing commands Router command history Troubleshooting command line errors Show version command Module 2 Summary Module 3 Configuring a Router Module 3 Caution Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Configure a Router CLI command modes Configuring a router name Configuring router passwords Examining the show commands Configuring a serial interface Making configuration changes Configuring an Ethernet interface Router#copy running-config startup-config Finishing the Configuration Importance of configuration standards Configuring an interface description Interface descriptions Configuring message-of-the-day Motd Login bannersHost name resolutions Configuration backup and documentation Configuring host tablesBacking up configuration files Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Module 3 Summary Module 4 Learning about Other Devices Use the show cdp neighbors commandModule 4 Caution Introduction to CDP Discovering and Connecting to NeighborsEssential Labs Optional Labs Information obtained with CDP TLV Implementation, monitoring, and maintenance of CDP Creating a network map of the environment Troubleshooting CDP Disabling CDP Command Purpose Getting Information about Remote Devices TelnetEstablishing and verifying a Telnet connection Router131.108.100.152 Disconnecting and suspending Telnet sessions Advanced Telnet operationCtrl -Shift -6 then Resume Alternative connectivity tests StanlyLab#show sessions LAB-B#ping lab-c LAB-D#ping lab-cLAB-A#trace lab-e LAB-A#trace lab-d Troubleshooting IP addressing issues LAB-C#show ip route Module 4 Summary Module 5 Managing Cisco IOS Software Router Boot Sequence and Verification Stages of the router power-on boot sequenceHow a Cisco device locates and loads the Cisco IOS Essential Labs Optional Labs None Core TIs All Optional TIs Configuration register Using the boot system commandTroubleshooting IOS boot failure Managing the Cisco File System Additional Resources IOS file system overview IOS naming convention Managing configuration files using Tftp Managing configuration files using copy and pasteEnter copy tftp running-config Select Transfer Capture Text Show running-config Managing IOS images using Tftp Managing IOS images using XModem Environment variables File system verification Discuss the following alternatives with the students Module 5 Summary Module 6 Routing and Routing Protocols Module 6 Caution Introduction to routing Introduction to Static RoutingStatic route operation Rt1config#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 s0 Rt1config#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0Rt1config#ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 Configuring static routes Rt1#config terminal Configuring default route forwarding Verifying static route configuration Troubleshooting static route configuration Show ip route output Rt1#show ip route Rt1#show interfaces s0 Rt1#ping Introduction to routing protocols Dynamic Routing OverviewAutonomous systems Purpose of a routing protocol and autonomous systems Distance vector routing protocol featuresIdentifying the classes of routing protocols Link-state routing protocol features Routing Protocols Overview Path determination Routing configurationRouting protocols IGP versus EGP Module 6 Summary Overview Module 7 Distance Vector Routing ProtocolsModule 7 Caution Distance vector routing loop issues Distance vector routing updatesDistance Vector Routing Problem Routing Loops Defining a maximum count Eliminating routing loops through split horizon Routing Update Avoiding routing loops with triggered updates Route poisoning Preventing routing loops with holddown timers RIP Configuring RIP RIP routing process Using the ip classless command Common RIP configuration issues Troubleshooting RIP update issues Verifying RIP configurationLAB-A#debug ip rip Preventing routing updates through an interface Load Balancing with RIP Igrp Load balancing across multiple pathsIntegrating static routes with RIP Essential Labs Optional Labs Core TIs Igrp features Igrp metrics Igrp stability features Igrp routes Verifying Igrp Configuration Configuring IgrpMigrating from RIP to Igrp Troubleshooting Igrp Ip classless command Module 7 Summary Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Module 8 TCP/IP Suite Error and Control Messages Module 8 Caution Overview of TCP/IP Error Message Error reporting and error correctionIcmp Icmp message delivery Unreachable networks Using ping to test destination reachabilityDetecting excessively long routes Echo messages Miscellaneous error reportingDestination unreachable message Introduction to control messages TCP/IP Suite Control MessagesIcmp redirect/change requests Clock synchronization and transit time estimation Information requests and reply message formatsAddress mask requests Router discovery message Router solicitation message Congestion and flow control messages Module 8 Summary Module 9 Basic Router Troubleshooting Module 9 Caution Examining the Routing Table Show ip route commandDetermining the gateway of last resort Determining route source and destination Determining route administrative distanceDetermining L2 and L3 addresses Determining the route metric Determining the last routing updateDetermining the route next hop Network Testing Introduction to network testingUsing a structured approach to troubleshooting Observing multiple paths to destination Testing by OSI layers Layer 1 troubleshooting using indicatorsLayer 3 troubleshooting using ping Layer 7 troubleshooting using Telnet Troubleshooting Router Issues Overview Troubleshooting Layer 1 using show interfacesTroubleshooting Layer 2 using the show interfaces Troubleshooting using show cdp Troubleshooting routing issues Troubleshooting using tracerouteTroubleshooting using show controllers Introduction to debug Module 9 Summary Show cdp Traceroute Show controllers serial Debug Module 10 Intermediate TCP/IP Module 10 Caution TCP operation TCP OperationSynchronization or three-way handshake Denial of service attacks Windowing and window size Positive acknowledgements Sequencing numbersUDP operation Overview of Transport Layer Ports Multiple conversations between hosts Ports for clients Ports for servicesPort numbering and well known port numbers Example of multiple sessions between hosts Comparison of MAC addresses, IP addresses, and port numbers Module 10 Summary Module 11 Access Control List ACLs Access Control List Fundamentals Introduction to ACLs How ACLs work Rt1config#access-list ? Rt1config#access-list 1 permit ?Rt1config#access-list 1 permit 192.168.0.1 ? Creating ACLs C.D Wildcard bits Log Function of a wildcard mask Verifying ACLs Access Control Lists ACLs Standard ACLs Rt1config#access-list 101 permit ? Rt1config#access-list 101 ?Extended ACLs Named ACLs Placing ACLs Firewalls Restricting virtual terminal access Module 11 Summary IV. Case Study Overview and Objectives Scenario and Phase 1 Project Description Phase 2 IP Addressing Network Diagram IP Addressing Phase 3 Basic Router and Workstation Configuration Boaz Center Instructor approval Date Phase 4 Access Control Lists Ping from Router Boaz to Workstation Phase 5 Documenting the Network Configuration management documentation BoazEva Security management documentation Boaz Eva General Documentation Case Study DeliverablesTechnical Documentation Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Case Study Instructor Notes Phase 1 Project DescriptionClass Range Optional Phase 5 Documenting the Network Sample outputs Boaz Case Study Instructor Sample Outputs Boaz#show ip interface brief Boaz#show startup-config Using 1090 out of 32762 bytes Security Management documentation Boaz Boaz#show ip interface Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Phase 5 Documenting the Network Sample outputs Centre Configuration Management documentation Centre#show version Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Security Management documentation Centre Centre#show ip interface Centre#show ip access-lists Phase 5 Documenting the Network Sample outputs Eva Configuration Management documentation Eva Eva#show hosts Eva#show startup-config Using 1156 out of 32762 bytes Security Management documentation Eva Eva#show ip interface Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Appendices Appendix a Cisco Online Tools and Utilities Output Interpreter Error Message Decoder Software Bug Toolkit IP Subnet Calculator Password Recovery Procedures TAC Case Collection Software Advisor Feature Navigator TAC Advanced Search What is meant by best practices? Best Practices Nets Nets Standards Literacy, math, and science standards Web Links Timss report Timss Report Participating Countries Student-centered learning Learner Model Academy Student Multiple intelligences Multiple Intelligences Web Links Inquiry-based learning Inquiry Based Learning Special needs Special Needs Web Links Learning disabilities Learning Disabilities Strategies for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities Lab-Centric Instruction Ccna labs PPP Isdn Ccnp labs Ccnp Labs Web Links Netlab Web Links Simulations Simulations Sponsored curriculum labs Sponsored Curriculum Labs Sponsored Curriculum Labs IT Essentials Network Operating Systems IT Essentials PC Hardware and Software IT EssentialsFundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling Fundamentals of Java Programming Fundamentals of UnixFundamentals of Web Design Http//cisco.netacad.net/cnacs/prot-doc/newcourses.html Emerging technologies PIX Firewall PhotoZoom Wireless solutions Troubleshooting Steps in the Problem-Solving Model Teaching Methods Web Resources Project-based Instruction Challenges and projects Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Dartmouth Problem-Solving Cycle Design activities Web Links Cluster Diagram Brainstorming Gifted Education a Resource Guide for Teachers Case studies Case Studies Case Study Teaching in Science a Bibliography Web research Cisco.com Instructional Strategies Instructor-led classrooms Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Self-paced instruction Pairs or partners Cooperative/collaborative workSmall groups Teams Competitive teamsLarge groups Whole class Student-led discussions Demonstrations Presentations Jigsaws Jigsaw Puzzle Ask the right questions Ask the Right Questions Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc 6 PMI PMI Problem-Solving Matrix Graphic organizers Flowchart Extended Star Topology in a Multi-Building Campus Digital Signal Data Encapsulation Local Area Networks and Devices Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc RFI EMI Setting goals Kinesthetic activities Kinesthetic Activities Web Links Assessment Strategies Review strategies Journals and reflection Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Web Links Rubrics Grading Rubric Sample Rubistar http//rubistar.4teachers.org Portfolio Guidelines for Portfolio Assessment in Teaching English Oral exams Oral Exams Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc Lab exams Lab Exams Web Links Six lenses Six Lenses Copyright 2004, Cisco Systems, Inc