Ways to Improve Performance

Profile-Based Optimization

Instrumenting (+I/-I)

Although you can use the linker alone to perform PBO, the best optimizations result if you use the compiler as well; this section describes this approach.

To instrument an application (with C, C++, and FORTRAN), compile the source with the +I compiler command line option. This causes the compiler to generate a .o file containing intermediate code, rather than the usual object code. (Intermediate code is a representation of your code that is lower-level than the source code, but higher level than the object code.) A file containing such intermediate code is referred to as an I-SOMfile.

After creating an I-SOM file for each source file, the compiler invokes the linker as follows:

1.In 32-bit mode, instead of using the startup file /usr/ccs/lib/crt0.o, the compiler specifies a special startup file named /opt/langtools/lib/icrt0.o. When building a shared library, the compiler uses /usr/ccs/lib/scrt0.o. In 64-bit mode, the linker automatically adds

/usr.css/lib/pa20_64/fdp_init.o or

/usr.css/lib/pa20_64/fdp_init_sl.o to the link when detects that -I crt0.o is not changed.

2.The compiler passes the -Ioption to the linker, causing it to place instrumentation code in the resulting executable.

You can see how the compiler invokes the linker by specifying the -voption. For example, to instrument the file sample.c, to name the executable sample.inst, to perform level 2 optimizations (the compiler option -Ois equivalent to +O2), and to see verbose output (-v):

$ cc -v -o sample.inst +I -O sample.c /opt/langtools/lbin/cpp sample.c /var/tmp/ctm123 /opt/ansic/lbin/ccom /var/tmp/ctm123 sample.o -O2-I /usr/ccs/bin/ld /opt/langtools/lib/icrt0.o-u main -o \

sample.inst sample.o -I -lc

Notice in the linker command line (starting with /usr/ccs/bin/ld), the application is linked with /opt/langtools/lib/icrt0.o and the -Ioption is given.

To save the profile data to a file other than flow.data in the current working directory, use the FLOW_DATA environment variable as described in “Specifying a Different flow.data with FLOW_DATA”.

Chapter 8

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Kenwood HP 9000 manual Instrumenting +I/-I

HP 9000 specifications

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