Kenwood XV-2020 owner manual 158, Decimal and Hexadecimal Table, Examples of Actual Midi Messages

MIDI Implementation

■Decimal and Hexadecimal Table

(An “H” is appended to the end of numbers in hexadecimal notation.)

In MIDI documentation, data values and addresses/sizes of Exclusive messages, etc. are expressed as hexadecimal values for each 7 bits.

The following table shows how these correspond to decimal numbers.

+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+ D H D H D H D H +——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+

0	00H	32	20H	64	40H	96	60H
1	01H	33	21H	65	41H	97	61H
2	02H	34	22H	66	42H	98	62H
3	03H	35	23H	67	43H	99	63H
4	04H	36	24H	68	44H	100	64H
5	05H	37	25H	69	45H	101	65H
6	06H	38	26H	70	46H	102	66H
7	07H	39	27H	71	47H	103	67H
8	08H	40	28H	72	48H	104	68H
9	09H	41	29H	73	49H	105	69H
10	0AH	42	2AH	74	4AH	106	6AH
11	0BH	43	2BH	75	4BH	107	6BH
12	0CH	44	2CH	76	4CH	108	6CH
13	0DH	45	2DH	77	4DH	109	6DH
14	0EH	46	2EH	78	4EH	110	6EH
15	0FH	47	2FH	79	4FH	111	6FH
16	10H	48	30H	80	50H	112	70H
17	11H	49	31H	81	51H	113	71H
18	12H	50	32H	82	52H	114	72H
19	13H	51	33H	83	53H	115	73H
20	14H	52	34H	84	54H	116	74H
21	15H	53	35H	85	55H	117	75H
22	16H	54	36H	86	56H	118	76H
23	17H	55	37H	87	57H	119	77H
24	18H	56	38H	88	58H	120	78H
25	19H	57	39H	89	59H	121	79H
26	1AH	58	3AH	90	5AH	122	7AH
27	1BH	59	3BH	91	5BH	123	7BH
28	1CH	60	3CH	92	5CH	124	7CH
29	1DH	61	3DH	93	5DH	125	7DH
30	1EH	62	3EH	94	5EH	126	7EH
31	1FH	63	3FH	95	5FH	127	7FH

+——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————++——————+——————+

D: decimal

H: hexadecimal

*Decimal values such as MIDI channel, bank select, and program change are listed as one greater than the values given in the above table.

*A 7-bit byte can express data in the range of 128 steps. For data where greater precision is required, we must use two or more bytes. For example, two hexadecimal numbers aa bbH expressing two 7-bit bytes would indicate a value of aa x 128+bb.

*In the case of values which have a +/- sign, 00H = -64, 40H = +/-0, and 7FH = +63, so that the decimal expression would be 64 less than the value given in the above chart. In the case of two types, 00 00H = -8192, 40 00H = +/-0, and 7F 7FH = +8191. For example, if aa bbH were expressed as decimal, this would be aa bbH - 40 00H = aa x 128+bb - 64 x 128.

*Data marked “Use nibbled data” is expressed in hexadecimal in 4-bit units. A value expressed as a 2-byte nibble 0a 0bH has the value of a x 16+b.

<Example1> What is the decimal expression of 5AH?

From the preceding table, 5AH = 90

<Example2> What is the decimal expression of the value 12 34H given as hexadecimal for each 7 bits?

From the preceding table, since 12H = 18 and 34H = 52

18 x 128+52 = 2356

<Example3> What is the decimal expression of the nibbled value 0A 03 09 0D?

From the preceding table, since 0AH = 10, 03H = 3, 09H = 9, 0DH = 13

((10 x 16+3) x 16+9) x 16+13 = 41885

<Example4> What is the nibbled expression of the decimal value 1258?

16 ) 1258

16 ) 78 ...10

16 ) 4 ...14

0 ... 4

Since from the preceding table, 0 = 00H, 4 = 04H, 14 = 0EH, 10 = 0AH, the result is: 00 04 0E

0AH.

■Examples of Actual MIDI Messages

<Example1> 92 3E 5F

9n is the Note-on status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since 2H = 2, 3EH = 62, and 5FH = 95, this is a Note-on message with MIDI CH = 3, note number 62 (note name is D4), and velocity 95.

<Example2> CE 49

CnH is the Program Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. Since EH = 14 and 49H = 73, this is a Program Change message with MIDI CH = 15, program number 74.

<Example3> EA 00 28

EnH is the Pitch Bend Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. The 2nd byte (00H

=0) is the LSB and the 3rd byte (28H = 40) is the MSB, but Pitch Bend Value is a signed number in which 40 00H (= 64 x 12+80 = 8192) is 0, so this Pitch Bend Value is

28 00H - 40 00H = 40 x 12+80 - (64 x 12+80) = 5120 - 8192 = -3072

If the Pitch Bend Sensitivity is set to 2 semitones, -8192 (00 00H) will cause the pitch to change -200 cents, so in this case -200 x (-3072) (-8192) = -75 cents of Pitch Bend is being applied to MIDI channel 11.

<Example4> B3 64 00 65 00 06 0C 26 00 64 7F 65 7F

BnH is the Control Change status, and n is the MIDI channel number. For Control Changes, the 2nd byte is the control number, and the 3rd byte is the value. In a case in which two or more messages consecutive messages have the same status, MIDI has a provision called “running status” which allows the status byte of the second and following messages to be omitted. Thus, the above messages have the following meaning.

B3	64	00	MIDI ch.4, lower byte of RPN parameter number:	00H
(B3)	65	00	(MIDI ch.4) upper byte of RPN parameter number:	00H
(B3)	06	0C	(MIDI ch.4) upper byte of parameter value:	0CH
(B3)	26	00	(MIDI ch.4) lower byte of parameter value:	00H
(B3)	64	7F	(MIDI ch.4) lower byte of RPN parameter number:	7FH
(B3)	65	7F	(MIDI ch.4) upper byte of RPN parameter number:	7FH

In other words, the above messages specify a value of 0C 00H for RPN parameter number 00 00H on MIDI channel 4, and then set the RPN parameter number to 7F 7FH.

RPN parameter number 00 00H is Pitch Bend Sensitivity, and the MSB of the value indicates semitone units, so a value of 0CH = 12 sets the maximum pitch bend range to +/-12 semitones (1 octave). (On GS sound generators the LSB of Pitch Bend Sensitivity is ignored, but the LSB should be transmitted anyway (with a value of 0) so that operation will be correct on any device.)

Once the parameter number has been specified for RPN or NRPN, all Data Entry messages transmitted on that same channel will be valid, so after the desired value has been transmitted, it is a good idea to set the parameter number to 7F 7FH to prevent accidents. This is the reason for the (B3) 64 7F (B3) 65 7F at the end.

It is not desirable for performance data (such as Standard MIDI File data) to contain many events with running status as given in <Example 4>. This is because if playback is halted during the song and then rewound or fast-forwarded, the sequencer may not be able to transmit the correct status, and the sound generator will then misinterpret the data. Take care to give each event its own status.

It is also necessary that the RPN or NRPN parameter number setting and the value setting be done in the proper order. On some sequencers, events occurring in the same (or consecutive) clock may be transmitted in an order different than the order in which they were received. For this reason it is a good idea to slightly skew the time of each event (about 1 tick for TPQN = 96, and about 5 ticks for TPQN = 480).

*TPQN: Ticks Per Quarter Note

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