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THEORY OF OPERATION | ||
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SCR OPERATION
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A silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) is a three terminal device used to control large currents to a load. An SCR acts very much like a switch. When it is turned on, there is current flow from anode to cathode. In the ON state, the SCR acts like a closed switch. When the SCR is turned OFF, there is no current flow from anode to cathode, thus the device acts like an open switch. As the name suggests, the SCR is a rectifier, so it passes current only during positive half cycles of the AC supply. The positive half cycle is the portion of the sine wave in which the anode of the SCR is more pos- itive than the cathode.
When an AC supply voltage is applied to the SCR, the device spends a certain portion of the AC cycle time in the ON state, and a remainder of the time in the OFF state. The gate controls the amount of time spent in each state.
An SCR is fired by a short burst of current into the gate. This gate pulse must be more positive than the cath- ode voltage. Since there is a standard PN junction between gate and cathode, the voltage between these terminals must be slightly greater than 0.6V. Once the SCR has fired, it is not necessary to continue the flow of the gate current. As long as current continues to flow from anode to cathode, the SCR will remain on. When the anode to cathode current drops below a min- imum value, called holding current, the SCR will shut off. This normally occurs as the AC voltage passes through zero into the negative portion of the sine wave. If the SCR is turned on early in the positive half cycle, the conduction time is longer, resulting in greater SCR output. If the gate firing occurs later in the cycle, the conduction time is less, resulting in lower SCR output.
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FIGURE E.6 — SCR OPERATION
INPUT
CATHODE
OUTPUT
ANODE
GATE
NOTE: AS THE GATE PULSE IS APPLIED LATER IN THE CYCLE THE SCR OUTPUT IS DECREASED.
