Apple II manual LDA #PRTIME/256 Start T2 for 1.7 Msec

Page 180

2461

F0B2 A9 06

 

 

LDA

#PRTIME/256 ;START T2 FOR 1.7 MSEC

2462

F0B4 8D 09 A8

 

 

STA

T2H

 

2463

F0B7 20 E3 F0

 

 

JSR

IPSU

;SET NEXT PATTERN WHILE WAITING

2464

F0BA 20 1B EC

 

 

JSR

DE2

;WAIT TILL TIME OUT

2465

F0BD A9 00

 

 

LDA

#0

;THERMAL ELEM OFF

2466

F0BF 8D 01 A8

 

 

STA

DRAH

 

2467

F0C2 AD 00 A8

 

 

LDA

DRB

;BUT DONT CHANGE TAPE CONTROLS

2468

F0C5 29 FC

 

 

AND

#$FC

 

2469

F0C7 8D 00 A8

 

 

STA

DRB

 

2470

F0CA 60

 

 

RTS

 

 

2471

F0CB

 

 

 

 

 

2472

F0CB

; SUBROUTINE PINT -- INIT VARS FOR PRINTER

2473

F0CB A9 FF

PINT

 

LDA

#$FF

 

2474

F0CD 8D 74 A4

 

 

STA

IDIR

;DIRECTION <= -

2475

F0D0 A9 05

 

 

LDA

#5

 

2476

F0D2 8D 75 A4

 

 

STA

ICOL

;COLUMN <= LEFTMOST +1

2477

F0D5 A9 01

 

 

LDA

#1

 

2478

F0D7 8D 76 A4

 

 

STA

IOFFST

;OFFSET <= LEFT CHARACTER

2479

F0DA 8D 7C A4

 

 

STA

IMASK

 

2480

F0DD A9 00

 

 

LDA

#0

 

2481

F0DF 8D 77 A4

 

 

STA IDOT

;DOT COUNTER <= 0

2482

F0E2 60

 

 

RTS

 

 

2483

F0E3

 

 

 

 

 

2484

F0E3

;THE VARIABLES FOR THE PRINTER ARE AS FOLLOWS:

2485

F0E3

;

 

 

 

 

2486

F0E3

;IDIR

 

DIRECT HEAD IS CURRENTLY MOVING (0=+, $FF=-)

2487

F0E3

;ICOL

 

CLMN TO BE PRNTED NEXT (LEFTMOST=0,RIGHTMOST=4)

2488

F0E3

;IOFFST OFFSET N PRINT BUFF (0=LEFT CHR, 1=RIGHT CHR)

2489

F0E3

;IDOT

 

COUNT OF NUMBER OF DOTS PRINTED THUS FAR

2490

F0E3

;IOUTL

SOLENOID PATTERN (8 CHRS ON RIGHT)

2491

F0E3

;IOUTU

SOLENOID PATTERN (2 CHRS ON LEFT)

2492

F0E3

;IBITL

1 BIT MSK USED IN SETTING NEXT SOLENOID VALUE

2493

F0E3

;IBITU

UPPER PART OF MASK

2494

F0E3

;IBUFM

START OF PRINT BUFFER (LEFTMOST CHR FIRST)

2495

F0E3

;IMASK

MASK FOR CURRENT ROW BEING PRINTED

2496

F0E3

;JUMP

 

ADDRESS OF TABLE FOR CURRENT COLUMN

2497

F0E3

;

 

 

 

 

2498

F0E3

; THE DOT PATTERNS FOR THE CHRS ARE STORED SO THAT...

2499

F0E3

;EACH BYTE

CONTAINS THE DOTS FOR ONE COLUMN OF ONE...

2500

F0E3

;CHR. SINCE EACH COLUMN CONTAINS SEVEN DOTS ,

2501

F0E3

;THIS MEANS THAT ONE BIT PER BYTE IS UNUSED.

2502

F0E3

;

THE PATTERNS ARE ORGANIZED INTO 5 TABLES OF 64...

2503

F0E3

;BYTES WHERE EACH TABLE CONTAINS ALL THE DOT...

2504

F0E3

;PATTERNS FOR A PARTICULAR COLUMN. THE BYTES IN EACH...

2505

F0E3

;TABLE

ARE

ORDERED ACCORDING TO THE CHR CODE OF...

2506

F0E3

;THE CHR BEING REFERENCED. THE CHR CODE CAN...

2507

F0E3

;THUS BE USED TO DIRECTLY INDEX INTO THE TABLE.

2508

F0E3

 

 

 

 

 

2509

F0E3

;SUBROUTINE IPSU -- SET UP OUTPUT PATTERN FOR PRINTER

2510

F0E3

; THIS ROUTINE IS CALLED IN ORDER TO

2511

F0E3

;SET UP THE NEXT GROUP OF SOLENOIDS TO

2512

F0E3

;BE OUTPUT

TO THE PRINTER.

2513

F0E3

; ON ENTRY THE CONTENTS OF ALL REGISTERS

2514

F0E3

;ARE ARBITRARY

 

2515

F0E3

; ON EXIT THE CONTENTS OF A,X,Y ARE UNDEFINED

2516

F0E3 A2 00

IPSU

 

LDX

#0

;X POINTS TO VAR BLOCK FOR PRNTR

2517

F0E5 20 21 F1

 

 

JSR INCP

;ADVANCE PTRS TO NXT DOT POSITION

2518

F0E8

;X NOW CONTAINS INDEX INTO PRINT BUFFER

2519

F0E8 BD 60 A4

IPS1

 

LDA

IBUFM,X

;LOAD NEXT CHAR FROM BUFFER

2520

F0EB 29 3F

 

 

AND

#$3F

 

2521

F0ED A8

 

 

TAY

 

 

2522

F0EE A9 7D

 

 

LDA #JUMP

;A<= DOT PATTERN FOR CHAR & COL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 179 Page 181
Image 180
Page 179 Page 181
Contents Apple II Original ROM Information Data Qjjj0005A0 FDA9A920 EDFDA98D 4CEDFDA9 8D4CEDFD Page Page Page JI@ Page 001AA0 F3FFE8E1 E8E8EFEB FFFFE0FF Ffefeeef 001AC0 FFFFE1E1 EFEEE7E8 EEE7F3FB FBEEE1EF001AE0 E8EEE7E8 Efefeeef Eeefeeee Efeeeeee 001DB0 9CDD9CDE DD9EC3DD Cfcacdcb 00479AAD 001FB0 Ffffffff FFFF2071 E14CBFEF 2003EEA9 Page DDBAF9F0 0DBDBAF9 FA60FFFF02E61FBD JJJ 60FFFFFF .JJAEAEA8AD Page Page Return Page System Monitor Copyright LOC0LOC1 BaslMask INY NO, INC Index X-COORD LDY PCH PRMN1 LDA FMT1 DFB Format Above EOR STA A3H FAE2 A2 FB Tabv STA Vtabs to ROW in A-REG STA Bash BCC Clreol Clear to END of Line NXTA4 INC A4L Incr 2-BYTE A4 STA BASL,Y Replace Flashing Screen Fdad A5 3C LT2 LDA A2L,X Copy A2 2 Bytes to Ioprt LDA A2L SET RAM IN/OUT Vectors BCC RD3 Loop Until Done STA A3H,X DFB LIST-1 FFF3 CC Save BRTBL,XLSR Prepare Carry for BC, BNC Stat LDA R0L JSR STAT2 Push LOW PC Byte VIA R12 LDA IN,Y CMPBNE Nomove JSRMloop DCRBNZ Mloop RTNINR BNCBNZ BM1Example Load IndirectStore Indirect Load DOUBLE-BYTE IndirectStore DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect POP IndirectStore POP Indirect ACC SubtractPOP DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect Compare BF A0 SET $A0BFLOOP1 SUB BNC LOOP1Return to 6502 Mode DecrementLOOP2 BNZ LOOP2Branch if no Carry Branch if Carry SETBranch if Plus LOOP3 SUBBranch if Minus ONE Branch if not Minus ONEBreak Return from Sweet 16 SubroutineLDA #ADRH STA IND+1 LDA OPTBL,XSTA IND JMP Page Page Sweet 16 Introduction Page Source DSP Print Dbload Sweet REM Ctrl DInput Enter String a $ , a $ NVAPoke 776 , a REM Poke Destination Print Print GotoCall -605 Return REM XAM8 in Monitor SweetMINI-ASSEMBLER BaumMneml MnemrSBC PCL Form ADDR-PC-2 JSR Cout Position FORM7 STX A1H Save Index ORG CLCSTA BNENorm LDA EXP1 ZERO? Shift Dividend Left Floating Point Package Floating Point Representation LOWStored High LOW EXP MantissaFloating Point Representation Examples Number Exponent MantissaFloating Point Subroutine Descriptions Page Page Page Page STY Init MANT1 LDY STYCalling Sequence HIGH-ORDERPage Page Page Page Page Page Seeeeeee MmmmmmmmFsub ORG SET Base page Adresses STA X2,X Common LOG of MANT/EXP1 Result in MANT/EXP1 Ovflw BRK Overflow 1EBB STA X2,X Load EXP/MANT2 with Z 1EBD DEX 1EBE BPL LF3 YES,RETURN with MANT1 Normalized Right Shift MANT1 or Swap with MANT2 on CarryCMP AddendNormx BCC Norm If EXEN, Normalize PRODUCT, Else Complement Errata for Rankins Floating Point Routines LDX Load X for High Byte of ExponentLDA STA LOG FaddFsub FmulPage Mantissa MOD 9/76 Load X for Later M2MHL Contin 1EAD LFA LDA Z,X L2E DCM RTLOG1 MdendNormx Object Code Dump Page Tapdel HsbdryToutfl LstcomOutvec Urcvec=UBRKVC =UIRQVCTAX ADCORA Stocom STABPL HASHUS+2 Restore Except A,F BEQ STXCPX JMPExwrap RTS Chksad PHPOutxah PHA TXANibasc and #$0F Nibble in a to Ascii in a BCS INST1 RTI Ldbyte JSR Inbyte Verify MEM E1PARM JMP STD2 MORED2 LDY JSR Brtt INC Ercnt UP to FF MEM3EX CLC SBC P3L BNE Exitgk Ksconf LDA Txtmov LDA BNE INRT2 Outone Dftxfr LDX Newdev LDALDA Toutfl 8BFF 0D Msfirst Bufadh DdrdigLOADT2 STA Mode BNE Lcerr Last Char not Kgettr LDA H8DFF BCC PACKT3 Dumpt DUMPT1 TXADMPT1A LDA DUMPT4 LDYOutbth LDX Register Name Patch Outcht STXHS Tape Boundary Rockwell International UdrahUddra NowlnOldlen LengthMovad TMASK1 =MOVADCurpos ChecksumTabuff TABUF2Write Edge Detect Control not Used Because KB CRB EQSDB TO,EQS CFD2A0A0A0A0SEI Disable Interrupt RS6 JSR Crlow Clear Display E1AC Have Valid Command Nxtadd TYA Space CommFor LOAD1A LDALOADK5 LDX JMP LOADK5 Next E46A EE INC Bkflg SET FLG Outcks LDA OUTCK1 PHADumpta LDX DUMPT1 LDAE5EA TOGTA1 LDA TOGTA2 LDA BCC JD3 MSG Whereo LDY ANY Other CPYSTA Outflg Output PHA Outall PHAROL Priflg Restore FLG Wrax JSR Numa EAA3 CA DEX Memerr JSR STA STIY+2 Dehalf LDA EC5E 4A LSR Only ROW Onekey LDA Debkey LDXED3B GET a Char from Tape Subroutine Edba LSR Cpiy Make Room for MSB Outtty PHA OUTD1A CPX OUTD2A TXAOUTDD1 PHA LDA First Chip Select Prndot LDA LDA #PRTIME/256 Start T2 for 1.7 Msec BIT Imask See if DOT is SET NEW Print ROW Newcol LDACkbuff LDA Bkcksm LDAOUTTA1 PHA OUTTA2 LDXF2E1 3E7E7F3E7F7FCOL0 Zero Leftmost ColumnDB BGYU76HN Rtmode Getfmt TAXMNNDX1 LSR MNNDX2 LSRPRADR2 LDA PLAPRADR4 DEX BPL PCADJ4 AIM Text Editor LDA END+1 CMP with END AF E7 JMP KEP RUB COMMAND-FIND String JMP CHN1 See if WE RAN Past END of Buffer Limit BEQ REP2 SBC Oldlen GOGO1 RTS ROM Table FB46 8A9AAABACADAStartm JSR Rdaddr LDY Tryjmp LDA IMMED1 LDXOPCMP1 LDA Brnchc JMPConvrt LDA FORMD2 LDX Brcomp LDACompbr LDX Backwd LDA Forwrd LDAMATCH1 JMP Curead TXAPATCH4 LDX CURPO2 Dont do Anything if 8D PATC15 JSR Crlf Decode Command Addblk ADDS1ABkcksm BrcompCRA Goerr Namo E8CF NAMO1 RD2 EA5D RD1 AIM 65 Microcomputer Monitor Program Listing E6ACTable of Contents AIM 65 Microcomputer Basic Language Reference ManualIntroduction Installing Basic in the AIM ROM Installation Procedure Entering BasicMemory SIZE? WIDTH?Exiting Basic Reentering BasicBasic Cursor Printer ControlGetting Started with Basic Basic Command SET ASCCHR$ Direct and Indirect Commands Direct Commands Indirect CommandsOperating on Programs and Lines Listing a ProgramDeleting a Line Replacing a LineDeleting a Program List Printing DataPrint ONE Half Equals 1/2 Number FormatNumber Output Format Variables Assigning Variables with AN Input Statement Input RVariable Names PSTG$ Print A, A*2 LET Z=7 Print Z, Z-AReserved Words Program Using Relations RemarksRelational Tests Input BLooping Square Root ProgramAN Improved Square Root Program Print NsqrnAnother Square Root Program Print Nsqrn Next NCOUNT-BACKWARD Program Some Other Looping OperationsPrint What is the Number Print I,J Next Next JMatrix Operations Sort ProgramPrint BAD GUESS, TRY Again Restore Input NPrint Must be Integer Stopping a ProgramStrings $=ROCKWELL R6500 Print A$ Rockwell R6500LEN Function Print LENA$,LENMICROCOMPUTERRIGHT$ Function MID$ FunctionPrint B$ Basic for Rockwell R6500 Print C$ Basic FOR-ROCKWELL-R6500 VAL and Strs FunctionsCHR$ Function Data AIM 65,DOGAdditional String Considerations Name Example PURPOSE/USE DIMInput Input X$ Print Print X$Operators Symbol Sample Statement ESCCntl Print Print X/1.3Symbol Sample Statement PURPOSE/USE NegationRelational Operators Not If not Q3 then Operator Argument Result NotCommands Print Intruder AlertAlert Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example ClearStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION FRE Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ListStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Load Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION NEWStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example RUN Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example SaveProgram Statements Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example DEFStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION DIM Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ENDStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION For Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Gosub Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION GotoStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION IF...GOTO Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION IF...THENIf X0 then Print ERROR, X Negative Goto Example Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LETStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Next Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ON...GOSUBStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Restore Symbol SYNTAX/FUNCTION WaitExample Restore Return Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ReturnStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Input Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION POSStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Print Print Value ISAStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Read Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION SPCStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION TAB String Functions Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ASCStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LEFT$ Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LENStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION MID$ Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION RIGHT$Arithmetic Functions Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ABS Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ATNStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION COS Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION EXPStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example SGN Print SgnxStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example SIN Print SinxError Messages ?XX ErrorInverse Hyperbolic Secant TAB, SPC Space HintsPRINTX,Y,Z Storage Allocation Information Speed HintsThis is Probably the Most Important Speed Hint Converting Basic Programs not Written for AIM 65 BasicOLD AIM OLDAssembly Language Subroutines Ascii Character Codes DecimalNUL SOHAddress Content $AEInputnumbern PrintxRecording on Cassette Using the Basic Save Command RUN NUMBER?Storing AIM 65 Basic Programs on Cassette Cassette Operations Using the AIM 65 Editor OUT=T F=OUT=T F=FNAME T= IN=ATN Implementation Entered by Alter Memory MOF9C 0FACWIDTH? Bytes Free AIM 65 Basic Saving ATN Object Code on Cassette
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Manual 19 pages 1.54 Kb

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.
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