Apple II manual Normx BCC Norm If EXEN, Normalize PRODUCT, Else Complement

Page 89

1F8D

90

AF

NORMX

BCC NORM

IF EXEN, NORMALIZE PRODUCT, ELSE COMPLEMENT

1F8F

38

 

FCOMPL SEC

SET CARRY FOR SUBTRACT

1F90

A2

03

 

LDX =$03

INDEX FOR 3 BYTE SUBTRACTION

1F92

A9

00

COMPL1

LDA =$00

CLEAR A

1F94

F5

08

 

SBC X1,X

SUBTRACT BYTE OF EXP1

1F96

95

08

 

STA X1,X

RESTORE IT

1F98

CA

 

 

DEX

NEXT MORE SIGNIFICANT BYTE

1F99

D0

F7

 

BNE COMPL1

LOOP UNTIL DONE

1F9B

F0

BC

*

BEQ ADDEND

NORMALIZE (OR SHIFT RIGHT IF OVERFLOW)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

*EXP/MANT2 / EXP/MANT1 RESULT IN EXP/MANT1

1F9D

20

0D

1F

FDIV

JSR MD1

TAKE ABS VAL OF MANT1, MANT2

1FA0

E5

08

 

 

SBC X1

SUBTRACT EXP1 FROM EXP2

1FA2

20

CD 1F

 

JSR MD2

SAVE AS QUOTIENT EXP

1FA5

38

 

 

DIV1

SEC

SET CARRY FOR SUBTRACT

1FA6

A2

02

 

 

LDX =$02

INDEX FOR 3-BYTE INSTRUCTION

1FA8

B5

05

 

DIV2

LDA M2,X

 

1FAA

F5

0C

 

 

SBC E,X

SUBTRACT A BYTE OF E FROM MANT2

1FAC

48

 

 

 

PHA

SAVE ON STACK

1FAD

CA

 

 

 

DEX

NEXT MORE SIGNIF BYTE

1FAE

10

F8

 

 

BPL DIV2

LOOP UNTIL DONE

1FB0

A2

FD

 

 

LDX =$FD

INDEX FOR 3-BYTE CONDITIONAL MOVE

1FB2

68

 

 

DIV3

PLA

PULL A BYTE OF DIFFERENCE OFF STACK

1FB3

90

02

 

 

BCC DIV4

IF MANT2<E THEN DONT RESTORE MANT2

1FB5

95

08

 

 

STA M2+3,X

 

1FB7

E8

 

 

DIV4

INX

NEXT LESS SIGNIF BYTE

1FB8

D0

F8

 

 

BNE DIV3

LOOP UNTIL DONE

1FBA

26

0B

 

 

ROL M1+2

 

1FBC

26

0A

 

 

ROL M1+1

ROLL QUOTIENT LEFT, CARRY INTO LSB

1FBE

26

09

 

 

ROL M1

 

1FC0

06

07

 

 

ASL M2+2

 

1FC2

26

06

 

 

ROL M2+1

SHIFT DIVIDEND LEFT

1FC4

26

05

 

 

ROL M2

 

1FC6

B0

1C

 

 

BCS OVFL

OVERFLOW IS DUE TO UNNORMALIZED DIVISOR

1FC8

88

 

 

 

DEY

NEXT DIVIDE ITERATION

1FC9

D0

DA

 

 

BNE DIV1

LOOP UNTIL DONE 23 ITERATIONS

1FCB

F0

BE

 

 

BEQ MDEND

NORMALIZE QUOTIENT AND CORRECT SIGN

1FCD

86

0B

 

MD2

STX M1+2

 

1FCF

86

0A

 

 

STX M1+1

CLR MANT1 (3 BYTES) FOR MUL/DIV

1FD1

86

09

 

 

STX M1

 

1FD3

B0

0D

 

 

BCS OVCHK

IF EXP CALC SET CARRY, CHECK FOR OVFL

1FD5

30

04

 

 

BMI MD3

IF NEG NO UNDERFLOW

1FD7

68

 

 

 

PLA

POP ONE

1FD8

68

 

 

 

PLA

RETURN LEVEL

1FD9

90

B2

 

 

BCC NORMX

CLEAR X1 AND RETURN

1FDB

49

80

 

MD3

EOR =$80

COMPLIMENT SIGN BIT OF EXP

1FDD

85

08

 

 

STA X1

STORE IT

1FDF

A0

17

 

 

LDY =$17

COUNT FOR 24 MUL OR 23 DIV ITERATIONS

1FE1

60

 

 

 

RTS

RETURN

1FE2

10

F7

 

OVCHK

BPL MD3

IF POS EXP THEN NO OVERFLOW

1FE4

00

 

 

OVFL

BRK

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

*CONVERT EXP/MANT1 TO INTEGER IN M1 (HIGH) AND M1+1(LOW)

*EXP/MANT2 UNEFFECTED

 

 

 

*

 

 

1FE5

20

5F

1F

JSR RTAR

SHIFT MANT1 RT AND INCREMENT EXPNT

1FE8

A5

08

FIX

LDA X1

CHECK EXPONENT

1FEA

C9

8E

 

CMP =$8E

IS EXPONENT 14?

1FEC

D0

F7

 

BNE FIX-3

NO, SHIFT

 

 

 

 

 

 

Image 89
Contents Apple II Original ROM Information Qjjj Data0005A0 FDA9A920 EDFDA98D 4CEDFDA9 8D4CEDFD Page Page Page JI@ Page 001AE0 E8EEE7E8 Efefeeef Eeefeeee Efeeeeee 001AA0 F3FFE8E1 E8E8EFEB FFFFE0FF Ffefeeef001AC0 FFFFE1E1 EFEEE7E8 EEE7F3FB FBEEE1EF 001DB0 9CDD9CDE DD9EC3DD Cfcacdcb 00479AAD 001FB0 Ffffffff FFFF2071 E14CBFEF 2003EEA9 Page FA60FFFF DDBAF9F0 0DBDBAF902E61FBD JJJ 60FFFFFF .JJAEAEA8AD Page Page Return Page LOC0 System Monitor CopyrightLOC1 BaslMask INY NO, INC Index X-COORD LDY PCH PRMN1 LDA FMT1 DFB Format Above EOR STA A3H FAE2 A2 FB Tabv STA Vtabs to ROW in A-REG STA Bash BCC Clreol Clear to END of Line NXTA4 INC A4L Incr 2-BYTE A4 STA BASL,Y Replace Flashing Screen Fdad A5 3C LT2 LDA A2L,X Copy A2 2 Bytes to Ioprt LDA A2L SET RAM IN/OUT Vectors BCC RD3 Loop Until Done STA A3H,X DFB LIST-1 FFF3 CC BRTBL,X SaveLSR Prepare Carry for BC, BNC Stat LDA R0L JSR STAT2 Push LOW PC Byte VIA R12 CMP LDA IN,YBNE Nomove JSRDCR MloopBNZ Mloop RTNBNC INRBNZ BM1Load Indirect ExampleStore Indirect Load DOUBLE-BYTE IndirectStore POP Indirect Store DOUBLE-BYTE IndirectPOP Indirect POP DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect ACCSubtract BF A0 SET $A0BF CompareLOOP1 SUB BNC LOOP1Decrement Return to 6502 ModeLOOP2 BNZ LOOP2Branch if Carry SET Branch if no CarryBranch if Plus LOOP3 SUBBranch if not Minus ONE Branch if Minus ONEBreak Return from Sweet 16 SubroutineSTA IND JMP LDA #ADRHSTA IND+1 LDA OPTBL,X Page Page Sweet 16 Introduction Page Source Print Dbload Sweet REM Ctrl D DSPInput Enter String a $ , a $ NVAPrint Print Goto Poke 776 , a REM Poke DestinationCall -605 Return REM XAM8 in Monitor SweetBaum MINI-ASSEMBLERMneml MnemrSBC PCL Form ADDR-PC-2 JSR Cout Position FORM7 STX A1H Save Index CLC ORGSTA BNENorm LDA EXP1 ZERO? Shift Dividend Left Floating Point Representation LOW Floating Point PackageHigh LOW EXP Mantissa StoredFloating Point Representation Examples Number Exponent MantissaFloating Point Subroutine Descriptions Page Page Page Page STY STY Init MANT1 LDYCalling Sequence HIGH-ORDERPage Page Page Page Page Page Fsub SeeeeeeeMmmmmmmm ORG SET Base page Adresses STA X2,X Common LOG of MANT/EXP1 Result in MANT/EXP1 Ovflw BRK Overflow 1EBB STA X2,X Load EXP/MANT2 with Z 1EBD DEX 1EBE BPL LF3 Right Shift MANT1 or Swap with MANT2 on Carry YES,RETURN with MANT1 NormalizedCMP AddendNormx BCC Norm If EXEN, Normalize PRODUCT, Else Complement LDA STA Errata for Rankins Floating Point RoutinesLDX Load X for High Byte of Exponent Fadd LOGFsub FmulPage Mantissa MOD 9/76 Load X for Later M2MHL Contin 1EAD LFA LDA Z,X L2E DCM Normx RTLOG1Mdend Object Code Dump Page Hsbdry TapdelToutfl LstcomUrcvec Outvec=UBRKVC =UIRQVCADC TAXStocom STA ORABPL HASHUS+2 Restore Except A,F STX BEQCPX JMPChksad PHP Exwrap RTSOutxah PHA TXANibasc and #$0F Nibble in a to Ascii in a BCS INST1 RTI Ldbyte JSR Inbyte Verify MEM E1PARM JMP STD2 MORED2 LDY JSR Brtt INC Ercnt UP to FF MEM3EX CLC SBC P3L BNE Exitgk Ksconf LDA Txtmov LDA BNE INRT2 Outone Newdev LDA Dftxfr LDXLDA Toutfl 8BFF 0D Msfirst LOADT2 BufadhDdrdig STA Mode BNE Lcerr Last Char not Kgettr LDA H8DFF BCC PACKT3 DUMPT1 TXA DumptDMPT1A LDA DUMPT4 LDYOutbth LDX Outcht STX Register Name PatchHS Tape Boundary Udrah Rockwell InternationalUddra NowlnLength OldlenMovad TMASK1 =MOVADChecksum CurposTabuff TABUF2Write Edge Detect Control not Used Because KB EQS CRBCFD2A0A0A0A0 DB TO,EQSSEI Disable Interrupt RS6 JSR Crlow Clear Display E1AC Have Valid Command Space Comm Nxtadd TYALOAD1A LDA ForLOADK5 LDX JMP LOADK5 Next E46A EE INC Bkflg SET FLG OUTCK1 PHA Outcks LDADUMPT1 LDA Dumpta LDXE5EA TOGTA1 LDA TOGTA2 LDA BCC JD3 MSG Whereo LDY CPY ANY OtherSTA Outflg Outall PHA Output PHAROL Priflg Restore FLG Wrax JSR Numa EAA3 CA DEX Memerr JSR STA STIY+2 Dehalf LDA EC5E 4A LSR Only ROW Debkey LDX Onekey LDAED3B GET a Char from Tape Subroutine Edba LSR Cpiy Make Room for MSB Outtty PHA OUTDD1 PHA OUTD1A CPXOUTD2A TXA LDA First Chip Select Prndot LDA LDA #PRTIME/256 Start T2 for 1.7 Msec BIT Imask See if DOT is SET Newcol LDA NEW Print ROWBkcksm LDA Ckbuff LDAOUTTA2 LDX OUTTA1 PHAZero Leftmost Column F2E1 3E7E7F3E7F7FCOL0DB BGYU76HN Getfmt TAX RtmodeMNNDX1 LSR MNNDX2 LSRPRADR4 DEX PRADR2 LDAPLA BPL PCADJ4 AIM Text Editor LDA END+1 CMP with END AF E7 JMP KEP RUB COMMAND-FIND String JMP CHN1 See if WE RAN Past END of Buffer Limit BEQ REP2 SBC Oldlen GOGO1 RTS Startm JSR ROM TableFB46 8A9AAABACADA Rdaddr LDY IMMED1 LDX Tryjmp LDAConvrt LDA OPCMP1 LDABrnchc JMP Compbr LDX FORMD2 LDXBrcomp LDA Forwrd LDA Backwd LDACuread TXA MATCH1 JMPPATCH4 LDX CURPO2 Dont do Anything if 8D PATC15 JSR Crlf Decode Command ADDS1A AddblkBkcksm BrcompCRA Goerr Namo E8CF NAMO1 RD2 EA5D RD1 E6AC AIM 65 Microcomputer Monitor Program ListingIntroduction Table of ContentsAIM 65 Microcomputer Basic Language Reference Manual Entering Basic Installing Basic in the AIM ROM Installation ProcedureMemory SIZE? WIDTH?Reentering Basic Exiting BasicBasic Cursor Printer ControlCHR$ Getting Started with Basic Basic Command SETASC Indirect Commands Direct and Indirect Commands Direct CommandsOperating on Programs and Lines Listing a ProgramReplacing a Line Deleting a LineDeleting a Program List Printing DataNumber Output Format Print ONE Half Equals 1/2Number Format Variable Names Variables Assigning Variables with AN Input StatementInput R Reserved Words PSTG$Print A, A*2 LET Z=7 Print Z, Z-A Remarks Program Using RelationsRelational Tests Input BSquare Root Program LoopingAN Improved Square Root Program Print NsqrnPrint Nsqrn Next N Another Square Root ProgramCOUNT-BACKWARD Program Some Other Looping OperationsPrint I,J Next Next J Print What is the NumberMatrix Operations Sort ProgramInput N Print BAD GUESS, TRY Again RestorePrint Must be Integer Stopping a Program$=ROCKWELL R6500 Print A$ Rockwell R6500 StringsLEN Function Print LENA$,LENMICROCOMPUTERMID$ Function RIGHT$ FunctionPrint C$ Basic FOR-ROCKWELL-R6500 VAL and Strs Functions Print B$ Basic for Rockwell R6500CHR$ Function Data AIM 65,DOGName Example PURPOSE/USE DIM Additional String ConsiderationsInput Input X$ Print Print X$ESC Operators Symbol Sample StatementCntl Print Print X/1.3Relational Operators Symbol Sample Statement PURPOSE/USENegation Operator Argument Result Not Not If not Q3 thenPrint Intruder Alert CommandsAlert Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example ClearStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION List Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION FREStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Load Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION NEWStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example Save Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example RUNProgram Statements Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example DEFStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION For Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION DIMStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION END Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Goto Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION GosubStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION IF...GOTO Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION IF...THENStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LET If X0 then Print ERROR, X Negative Goto ExampleStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Next Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ON...GOSUBSymbol SYNTAX/FUNCTION Wait Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION RestoreExample Restore Return Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ReturnStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION POS Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION InputStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Print Print Value ISAStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION SPC Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ReadStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION TAB String Functions Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ASCStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LEN Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION LEFT$Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION MID$ Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION RIGHT$Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ATN Arithmetic Functions Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION ABSStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION COS Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION EXPPrint Sgnx Statement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example SGNStatement SYNTAX/FUNCTION Example SIN Print SinxInverse Hyperbolic Secant Error Messages?XX Error PRINTX,Y,Z TAB, SPCSpace Hints Speed Hints Storage Allocation InformationConverting Basic Programs not Written for AIM 65 Basic This is Probably the Most Important Speed HintOLD AIM OLDAscii Character Codes Decimal Assembly Language SubroutinesNUL SOH$AE Address ContentInputnumbern PrintxStoring AIM 65 Basic Programs on Cassette Recording on Cassette Using the Basic Save CommandRUN NUMBER? OUT=T F= Cassette Operations Using the AIM 65 EditorOUT=T F=FNAME T= IN=Entered by Alter Memory M ATN ImplementationOF9C 0FACSaving ATN Object Code on Cassette WIDTH? Bytes Free AIM 65 Basic
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Manual 19 pages 1.54 Kb

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.