One of the Systems Series
Air Conditioning Clinic Chilled-WaterSystems
TRG-TRC016-EN
THE TRANE COMPANY Attn: Applications Engineering
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
BUSINESS REPLY MAIL
3600 Pammel Creek Road La Crosse WI
Chilled-WaterSystems
Comment Card
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One of the Systems Series
One of the Systems Series A publication of
Chilled-WaterSystems
The Trane Company
Chilled-WaterSystems
Preface
A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic
period three
Contents
period two Chilled-WaterSystem Design
period four
TRG-TRC016-EN
Types of Water Chillers
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
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period one
Driving Sources
Types of Water Chillers
Types of Water Chillers
Vapor-CompressionCycle
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Compressor Types
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Variable-SpeedDrives
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period one
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Condenser Types
Air-Cooledor Water-Cooled
Types of Water Chillers
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Maintenance
Tower maintenance Freeze protection Makeup water
Types of Water Chillers
Types of Water Chillers
Low Ambient Operation
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Efficiency
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Comparison
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Packaged Air-CooledChiller
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Remote Evaporator Barrel
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Remote Air-CooledCondenser
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Indoor Air-CooledCondenser
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
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period one
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Absorption Chillers Offer Choice
Waste heat recovery Cogeneration
Types of Water Chillers
Types of Water Chillers
Absorption Chiller Types
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Equipment Rating Standards
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Part-LoadEfficiency Rating
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Standard Rating Conditions
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Flow Rates and Temperatures
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period one
Types of Water Chillers
Flow Rates and Temperatures
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period one
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ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–1999
Electric Vapor-CompressionChillers
Types of Water Chillers
Types of Water Chillers
Water-CooledAbsorption Chillers
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period one
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ASHRAE Standard 15–1994
Safety standard for refrigerating systems
Types of Water Chillers
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
period two
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Load-TerminalControl Options
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Three-WayValve Control
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Two-WayValve Control
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Face-and-BypassDamper Control
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Chiller Evaporator Flow
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Single-ChillerSystem
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Multiple-ChillerSystems
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period two
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Single Pump
Parallel Configuration
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Dedicated Pumps
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Figure 43 shows an example of the pump–systemcurve relationship. When both pumps are operating, the system receives 100 percent of design flow. When only one pump is operating, the intersection of the pump’s performance curve with the system curve results in about 65 percent of design flow
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period two
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Chillers Piped in Series
Series Configuration
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Equal Set Points
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Staggered Set Points
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Primary-SecondaryConfiguration
Primary-SecondaryDecoupled Configuration
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Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Primary-SecondarySystem Rules
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Production Loop
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Manifolded Production Pumps
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Distribution Loop
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period two
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Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Primary-SecondarySystem Rules
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Varying Distribution Flow
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Multiple Distribution Pumps
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
A variation of the multiple-pumpconfiguration is to use separate pumps to deliver water to specific, dedicated loads. An example is a chilled-watersystem serving a college campus. Separate distribution pumps supply water to the east A, west B, and central C portions of the campus. A primary advantage of this configuration is flexibility. Expanding the system can be achieved by simply adding another distribution pump to the existing plant and connecting it to the piping that runs to the new building
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Tertiary Pumping
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period two
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Distribution Loop Characteristics
Higher return-watertemperatures
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
period two
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Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Primary-SecondarySystem Rules
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
System Operation
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Deficit Flow
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Excess Flow
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period two
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Control of Primary-SecondarySystem
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period two
period two
Types of Fluid Flow Meters
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Pressure-based
Chilled-WaterSystem Design
Temperature-BasedCalculations
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period two
System Variations
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System Variations
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System Variations
period three
Fuel Choice Options
absorption thermal storage
period three
Chiller Efficiency Improvements
System Variations
Low-FlowSystems
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Greater Focus on System Efficiency
Trend Toward Lower Flow Rates
System Variations
System Variations
Low-FlowSystems
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period three
System Variations
Variable-Primary-FlowSystems
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period three
System Variations
Critical VPF System Requirements
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period three
System Variations
Preferential Chiller Loading
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period three
System Variations
Sidestream Configuration
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period three
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Heat-RecoveryChiller
Heat Recovery
System Variations
System Variations
Heat-RecoveryChiller Options
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period three
System Variations
Heat-RecoveryChiller Efficiency
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period three
System Variations
Control of a Heat-RecoveryChiller
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period three
System Variations
Asymmetric Design
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period three
System Variations
Swing Chiller
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period three
period three
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System Variations
Swing Chiller
System Variations
“Free” Cooling
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period three
System Variations
Plate-and-FrameHeat Exchanger
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period three
System Variations
Refrigerant Migration
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period three
System Variations
Application Outside Range of Chiller
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period three
Chiller-PlantControl
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Chiller-PlantControl
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Start–stop Chilled-watertemperature control
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Chiller Controls
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How to recover from an equipment failure
What Is Important?
When to turn a chiller on or off
How to optimize system efficiency
Chiller-PlantControl
Chiller Sequencing
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Temperature
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Flow
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Capacity
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Chiller-PlantControl
Chiller Rotation
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Chiller-PlantControl
When the system consists of chillers with different capacities, efficiencies, or fuel types, the question of which chiller to turn on or off next becomes more complex. Although each system requires a complete analysis, there are some general principles that apply to most systems
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period four
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Heat Recovery
preferentially-loaded heat-recoverychiller
Chiller-PlantControl
Chiller-PlantControl
The variable-primary-flowsystem, introduced in Period Three, is designed to operate with variable flow through the chiller evaporators. Sequencing chillers in this type of system cannot be based solely on temperature, because in a properly-operatingsystem the supply- and return-watertemperatures will be nearly constant. Determining when to turn chillers on or off is not a simple task. For control stability and chiller reliability, the flow rates through the chillers, and the rate of flow change, must be kept within allowable ranges
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period four
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System Failure Recovery
Failure Recovery and Contingency Planning
Chiller-PlantControl
Chiller-PlantControl
Contingency Planning
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period four
Load-confirmationtimer
System Timers
System Tuning
Staging-intervaltimer
Chiller-PlantControl
Unload Before Start
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Soft Loading
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Chilled-WaterSet Point Control
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
System Optimization
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Chilled Water Reset
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Condenser-WaterTemperature
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Control of Condensing Pressure
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Chiller-PlantControl
Operator Training and Support
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
Operator Interface
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period four
Chiller-PlantControl
ASHRAE Guideline
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period four
Review
period five
Review
period five
Parallel configuration Series configuration
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Review—PeriodTwo
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Review—PeriodThree
Heat recovery Asymmetric design
Review
Contingency planning System tuning
Review—PeriodFour
Chiller sequencing Failure recovery
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nASHRAE Handbook – Refrigeration
Review
period five
nASHRAE Handbook – Systems and Equipment
Questions for Period
Quiz
Questions for Period
Questions for Period
9Why does a variable-primary-flowVPF system require a bypass in the system?
Quiz
Questions for Period
Answers
Answers
12Sequencing 13Decreases; increases
Glossary
Glossary
decoupled system See primary-secondarysystem
Glossary
Glossary
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swing chiller A smaller-capacitychiller used in a multiple-chillersystem. It is alternated on and off between the larger chillers operation to serve as a smaller, incremental step of loading
The Trane Company