Intel 41210 manual Differential Impedance, Cross Section of Differential Trace, Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22

General Routing Guidelines

Note: Using stripline transmission lines may give better results than microstrip. This is due to the difficulty of precisely controlling the dielectric constant of the solder mask, and the difficulty in limiting the plated thickness of microstrip conductors, which can substantially increase cross-talk.

6.5.1Differential Impedance

The PCI Express standard defines a 100 Ω differential impedance. This section provides some basic background information on the differential impedance calculations. In the cross section of Figure 13 shows the cross section of two traces of a differential pair.

Figure 13. Cross Section of Differential Trace

Ground reference plane

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To calculate the coupled impedance requires a 2x2 matrix. The diagonal values in the matrix represent the impedance of the traces to ground and the off-diagonal values provide a measure of how tightly the traces are coupled. The “differential impedance is the value of the line-to-line resistor terminator that optimally terminates pure differential signals.” The two by two matrix is shown below as:

Figure 14. Two-by-two Differential Impedance Matrix

Zo =

Z11 Z12

Z21 Z22

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For a symmetric trace Z11 = Z22, the differential impedance can be calculated from this equation: Zdifferential = 2(Z11-Z12)

For two traces to be symmetric, they must have the same width, thickness and height above the ground plane.1 With the traces terminated with the appropriate differential, impedance ringing is minimized.

1.“Terminating Differential Signals on PCBs”, Steve Kaufer and Kelee Crisafulli, Printed Circuit Design, March 1999

28 Intel® 41210 Serial to Parallel PCI Bridge Design Guide