Below is an example use of the align directive | Panasonic MN1030

Chapter 9 Writing Machine Language Instructions and Directive Statements

Usage example

Below is an example use of the align directive.

		align.lst Page 1			***
Loc	*** PanaX Series MN1030 Cross Assembler				***
Loc	Object	Line	Source	section	,DATA, PUBLIC, 4
00000000		1	_DATA	section	,DATA, PUBLIC, 4
00000000	01	2	TABLE	dc	0x01
00000000	01	3		dc	0x01
00000001	02	4		dc	0x02
00000002	03	5		dc	0x03
		6		align	6
align.asm(6) :Warning 2002: Illegal operand value.					0x04
00000008	04	7		dc	0x04
00000009	05	8		dc	0x05
0000000a	06	9		dc	0x06
00000010	07	10		align	8
00000010	07	11		dc	0x07
00000011	08	12		dc	0x08
00000020	09	13		align	16
00000020	09	14		dc	0x09
00000021	0A	15		dc	0x0a
	Errors:	0 Warnings: 1		(align.asm)

In the align 6 directive on line 6, the expression value 6 is not a power of 2, so the assembler will convert it to align 8.

The series of multiples of 8 is shown below. Numbers in parentheses are hexadecimal.

8(8) 16(10) 24(18) 32(20) 40(28) 48(30) 56(38) 64(40)

The location counter value at the line of align 6 is 0003 (hex.), which is between 0000 and 0008 (hex.).

Therefore the next line will start from location 0008 (hex.).

The same series applies to the align 8 on line 10. The location counter there is 000B (hex.), which is between 0008 and 0010 (hex.). Therefore the next line will start from location 0010 (hex.).

Similarly, the align 16 on line 13 uses the series 16 (10), 32 (20), 48 (30)... The location counter there is 0012 (hex.), which is between 0010 and 0020 (hex.). Therefore the next line will start from location 0020 (hex.).

Writing Directive Statements 157

Image 169

Panasonic MN1030 user manual Below is an example use of the align directive, 00000000, 0x01

Contents

MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Page Page Reference Techniques Manual Features Heading How to readProgram example Usage note Related Manuals Chapter Writing Macro Control Statements Purpose of This Chapter Purpose of This Chapter Rules of Usage Usage Example Chapter Types of Source Statements Writing Assembler Control Statements Readinig List Files Error Correction Using Tag Jumps 306 Chapter Purpose of This Chapter Host machine Operating system Version of OS Operating EnvironmentSolaris Or later 98/Me/2000/XP As103 assembler File OrganizationLd103 linker Slib103 library manager Installation Setting command path SetupStart-up files Keywordparameter Start-up file format Message Keyword DescriptionNotation Option Ed-OPTION En-OPTIONStdlib Libdir File Conversion Utility General command formatOptions Excv103 options EX format file name Rules of output file name Default specification Example of specifying options Program Development Flow Program Development Flow Main development flow Program Development FlowAssembler and compiler Source code debugger Programming with Assembler Reference , Using Linker, for detailsRequired knowledge Program format Optimization Programming style Macros Conditional assemblyDebugging Program Development Flow Programming with Assembler Introduction to Operation Introduction to Operation Files Used Files Used by Assembler and Linker Introduction to Operation Create source files Basic Operation of Assembler and Linker Assemble Contents of program2.asm are as follows Generate final list files Link Contents of the final list file program1.lst are as follows Contents of the final list file program2.lst are as follows Assembling and Linking Multiple Sections Assemble and generate list files Contents of program4.asm are as follows DATA, PUBLIC,4 Contents of the list file program4.lst are as follows Parameter file during linking Following command was input to link CAE0 Data Contents of the final list file program4.lst are as follows Program Location Program locations after linking Create source file Conditional Assembly and Linking#ifdef Assemble and link the program that you have created Assemble and link Select false condition, assemble, and link Specify assembly conditions in the command As103 -D Debug program5.asm Introduction to Operation Conditional Assembly and Linking Chapter Optimization Has been optimized Rules of Usage Optimization is off by default Optimization Instructions Usage ExampleOptimized Conditional Branch Instructions Type Branch Range Instruction Type Branch Range Abs, Dn Abs, AnAn, abs Dn, abs Movhu abs, Dn Movhu Dn, abs Instruction Logical Instructions Subject To OptimizationBtst imm, Dn Optimization processing Assembler processing Optimization processing of conditional branch instructionsLinker processing BNE*+5 Optimization of function calls BRA label Optimization of branchesLabel JMP label Label JMP label Call label Calls label JSR label Optimization Optimization Opt Text CA7F Example subroutine call converted to a relative branch Using Assembler Using Asssembler Starting Assembler General format of commandsSpecifying options Summary of options Command Options Functional description Output File OptionsRules of Use Operation Example As103 -l sample.asm Output a list fileNo list file will be output As103 -Li -l sample.asm Do not output files included by include to the list fileAs103 -l -Li sampl.asm As103 -l -Lm sampl.asm As103 -Lm -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lc sampl.asm As103 -Lc -l sample.asm Symbol table will be output Do not output a symbol table to the list fileAs103 -Ls -l sample.asm As103 -a sample.map -l sample.asm As103 -j sample.asm Error Message Options This option is not available on DOS/V or PC/AT machines As103 -Je sample.asm As103 -Js sample.asm As103 -Jj sample.asm As103 -e sample.asm Output error and warning messages in English As103 -W 2001 sample.asm Default is to display all warning messagesWall Do not output any warning messages As103 -Wall sample.asm Pathname Specify the trace directory of the include file Preprocessor OptionsAs103 -I/user/defs main.asm As103 -D Version sample.asm Output debug information to the relocatable object file Program Generation OptionsExecutable format file .EX As103 -g sample.asm As103 -O sample.asm Turn on optimizationTurn off optimization As103 -Od sample.asm As103 -h Other OptionsOn the screen Display the assemblers version number on the console Operation Examples Program assemblyAs103 -g -D Version -o test.rf /user/source/main.asm As103 -g -o test.rf -I /user/lib sample.asm As103 -l -a main.map sub.asm As103 -l -Lc -Lm -a main.map -D Mode prog1.asm Chapter Using Linker Link Model of Section Address Format Ld103 options relocatableobjectfilename Libraryfilename Starting LinkerJmg Main.ex -gm @CODE=80000000 or -T @CODE=80000000 Path specifications on the relocatable object filesM103.map, respectively Executable file Linker options Option Type Symbol Description Command Options Ld103 -o /usr/tmp/test.ex main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -m main.rf sub.rf Output a map fileLd103 -m -TTEXT=80000000 -TCONST=80005000 prog1.rf prog2.rf Ld103 -j sample.rf Ld103 -Je sample.rf Ld103 -Js sample.rf Ld103 -Jj sample.rf Ld103 -e sample.rf Ld103 -W3001 progr1.rf prog2.rf Function descriptionLd103 -Wall main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -g main.rf sub.rf Output debug information to the executable format file Section =addresses Specify starting address for a section Section layout rules Ld103 main.rf sub.rf Lowest section is referred to the section nameLd103 -T @CODE=80000000 -T@DATA=0 main.rf sub.rf Parameter file Letter Ld103 -r prog1.rf Output an executable format file even if errors are detected En option cannot be used in conjunction with the g option Ld103 -En main.rf sub.rfOutput the Data section to the executable file Ld103 -Ed main.rf sub.rf Libraryfilename Specify a library file Library File OptionsLd103 -l /usr/lib/sample.lib main.rf sub.rf Message will be appeared Library files specified by the l option will be read Pathname Specify a directory containing library files @filename Specify a parameter file Operational exampleLd103 @pfile Ld103 Ld103 -h Instruction RAM Support Structural Elements of an Iram Support Executable Structure of Iram Support Executable FileNumber field to Layout Image for Instruction RAM and External Memory These names for ordinary symbols Using Linker Same result Iram Support Options Starting address in instruction RAM is given in hexadecimal Overlaytable Irammanage PUT symbol=address Specify address for extra symbolAddress is in hexadecimal Assigning to different addresses in instruction RAM Operation ExamplesAssignment to the same address in instruction RAM Overlaps with actual code Conflicts and suppresses executable file output Using Linker Instruction RAM Support Types of Source Statements Type of Source Statements Program Format Equ 0x32 #includeDataset Macro Movw Data, A0 0x12 D0, A0 Endm Directive statements Machine language instruction statements #else Mov 0x22, D0 Assembler Control StatementsMov 0x11, D0 Adrset Macro data, reg Mov Reg, A0 Data, D0 D0, A0 Endm Macro Control StatementsAdrset Data1, reg1 Data2, reg2 Comment Statements Conditional assembly definitionProgram Start main Blank Statements Type of Source Statements Blank Statements Writing Source Statements Writing Source Statements Digits Permitted Characters2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Letters Radices and allowed digits NumbersC D E F or Re hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal Intel format Extended C language formatCoding rules ’101’ Matsushita format’567’ ’789’ Character constants Character Constants Specifies the string Abcdefg as Ascii code String constants+-&%$#@ Specifies the string +-&%$#@!,. as Ascii code Specified Example Address Constants Location Counter Assembler or linker ExpressionsSection CODE,PUBLIC,1 Sec Arithmetic operators OperatorsShift operators Operator Meaning Logical operators perform calculation in bit units Logical operatorsFormats Example Operand1 Operand2 Precedence Operator Description Expression EvaluationEqu 0b01101110 Mov 10+5, d0 Expression SyntaxMov +10+5, d0 Mov 10+5+2, d0 Operation result attributes Expression AttributesFor ~, +, unary operators Attribute of Operand Attribute of Result For subtraction operator For + addition operatorFor *, /, %, , , &, , operators D0, d1, d2, d3, a0, a1,a2, a3, PSW, mdr, sp Reserved WordsDefine, if Ifb, ifdef, ifeq, ifge, ifgt, ifle Iflt, ifn, ifnb, ifndef, ifneq, include, undefPage Purpose of This Chapter Coding rules Instruction Statement Fields Coding examples Writing Label FieldLabel Longlabellonglabellonglabellonglab main Startcont Equ Writing Operation FieldStart Mov One operand Writing Operand FieldOperands are register and expression Jsr Mov 0x10, D0 Writing Comment FieldSet count value Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements List of directives Writing Directive StatementsDocument conventions Below is a list of directives Section Default settingsSyntax Section linking rules Directive coding rules Operand coding rulesUsage example Main Jsr Label Operation Operand Align Expression AlignCurrent location counter value will be inherited 00000000 Below is an example use of the align directive0x01 Label 3 endName end Below is an example use of the end directive Label operation operand Name listoff Name liston Listoff, listonListoff and liston directives themselves are output These directives take no operands Label Operation Operand Notation NotationClang will be selected Operand Format Notation Below is an example use of the notation directive Secadr 6 orgSecfnc Org 0x20 Org 0x100 End Opt on Opt off 7 opt Number of lines = Number of columns = Label Operation Operand Linesexpression ,columnsexpressionBelow is an example use of the page directive Label Operation Operand Radix Expression RadixAnother radix Below is an example use of the radix directive 10 dc 11 ds When expression2 is omitted, expression3 cannot be specified PanaX Series MN1030 Cross Assembler Loc Object Line Source Below is an example use of the ds directiveDs0 1122 Section DATA, Public 12 dw3930 Dw0 dw 12345 34127856 Dw1 dw 0x1234 Label Operation Operand Name Expression, expression 13 dd78563412 Dd0 0x12345678 00000000 Dd0 Label Operation Operand Name Equ Expression 14 equMemory equ Motor equ Stop equ 0b00001000 Base equ Equ 0b00001000 Equ 0x20Equ 0x1000 8020 Mov Label Operation Operand Name Global Name, name Global External declaration Below is an example use of the global directiveExternal reference Mov 0x11, D0 Rts End Label operation operand Titstring 16 titBelow is an example use of the tit directive Loc Object Line Source Tit Name Xlistoff Xliston Xlistoff, xlistonXlistoff and xliston directives themselves are not output These directives take no operand Funcinfo Directive Specification RulesUsage Examples, Optimization of function calls Call 0func Global 0func, func Global 0funcFunc Movm D2, SP Add 0func Funcinfo Func, 8, D2 Ret Stack Usage examples AssignAssign 0x01 00000000 8001 Mov Assign 0x02 00000002 8002 MovPage Writing Assembler Control Statements Contents of brackets may be omitted Symbols used in this chapter have the following meaningsCommon coding rules File Inclusion #include filename 10.2.1 #includePath name is coded within filename File to be assembled consists of the following statements Data equ#include Inc.h Main Mov Data, A0 0x34, D0 D0, A0 End Identifier Definement 10.3.1 #define #define Replacementstring comment#define Data Load Mov Data, D0 Main Mov Data, D0 Load End #undef identifier 10.3.2 #undefSource file that uses #undef is shown below #define Data1 0x11 Data2 0x22 Contents of brackets from #else on can be omitted Conditional Assembly#if These directives can be used only within macro definitions Table below lists the conditional assembly directives Syntax for #ifdef Syntax for #ifndef 10.4.1 #ifdef, #ifndef#ifdef Identifier #ifndef Block1 #else Block2 #endif #ifndef #else Mov 0x03, D1 0x04, D1 #endif #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef8001 Mov 0x01, D0 #else 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef 10X Mov 0x03, D1 #else Syntax for #if Syntax for #ifn 10.4.2 #if, #ifn#ifn #if #else Mov 0x03, D0 0x04, D0 #endif #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifnMov 0x01, D0 #else 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn #ifeq 10.4.3 #ifeq, #ifneq#ifneq Compare Abc, abc Abc, acb 8002 11+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif M10 Compare Abc, abc 10+ #ifeq #iflt 10.4.4 #iflt, #ifle#ifle 12+ #iflt M12 Dsize12X Mov 0x01, D0 12+ #else 8002 12+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifgt 10.4.5 #ifgt, #ifge#ifge #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge #ifb 10.4.6 #ifb, #ifnb#ifnb Debugon 14+ #ifb Debugon 14X Jsr Check Proc #else 00000000 M14 Debug+14+ Jsr Proc 00000008 00F8FE04 #endif #undef M17 Debug Writing Macro Control Statements #include directive Macro definitions Macroname Macro Definitions macro, endmDummyparameter , dummyparameter Macrobody An example macro definition is shown below Macroname Parameter , parameter Macro Calls and ExpansionUp to10 dummy parameters can be specified Var1 Equ 0x10 Var2 Var1+2 Addadr Macro Adr Adr, A0 Endm Operator Description Macro Operators Text Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 Macroname macro parameter Local symbol , symbol Symbol Local Symbol Declaration localUp to 30 symbols can be specified An example using the local directive is shown below Parameter Forced Termination of Macro Expansion exitm#endif Exitm Endm Test Purge macroname , macroname Purging Macro Definitions purge Reptexpression block Rept Assembled list file is shown below Irp 11.9 irpDummyparameter, parameter , parameter Block Irp Irpc IrpcDummyparameter, string Following example uses the irpc directive DATA, Public Writing Macro Control Statements Irpc List of Machine Language Instructions List of Machine Language Instructions Register indirect addressing Addressing Modes Register relative indirect addressing Absolute addressing Index addressing List of Machine Language Instructions Move source to destination 12.3.1 Data Move Instructions Mnemonic Description of operation Movhu Index Absolute Extend Sign ADD with Carry Arithmetic InstructionsSubtract with Borrow Compare source with destination Source with destination Logical InstructionsOr source with destination EXCLUSIVE-OR source with destination ASR imm8, Dn Mnemonic Description of operation ASR Dm, DnASR Dn Mnemonic Description of operation LSR Dm, Dn Bit operations Bit Manipulation Instructions Bclr imm8,abs32 Call Subroutine Branching Instructions Mnemonic Description of operation JMP An Unconditional BranchJMP label Mnemonic Meaning Description of operation Conditional Branch ZF=1 If ZF = 0, execute next instruction Conditional Branch for LoopZF=0 If ZF = 1, execute next instruction If ZF = 1 or NF != VF, execute next instruction User Defined Function User-Defined InstructionsUDFnn Dm, Dn UDFnn imm, Dn Do nothing Other Instructions Error Messages Error Messages Assembler Errors Define symbol multiple defined Operand errorDefine symbol not defined Illegal operand value Symbol name too long Not guaranteed operand by the instruction allocationLine of the source file exceed 65535 lines Error Messages Macro symbol is used recursively Debug operand errorIllegal section name Illegal operand expression Too many arguments Error in configure fileCan’t find Funcinfo directive No optimizing information Fatal Error Messages Linker Errors Filename Section not found. This file ignored Extra symbolname address aligned. addressFilename Illegal sectionname attribute or align value Address overlay with Iram manager Multiply defined symbol Bad option switch.stringUndefined symbol Filename Symbolname not defined with FUNCINFO. line lineno 3313 Extra symbolname used as normal symbol No memory space Filename Invalid symbol detail information type.typeFileneme Cannot open file Filename Cannot read file Internal Error.string Filename Referring to symbolname defined in a programID=idFilename Illegal relocation information.line lineno Filename Illegal optimize information.line lineno Error Messages Linker Errors Readinig List Files Reading List Files Reading List Files Location Loc Output Format of Machine Language CodeMachine language code Object Machine language code supplemental information Supplemental information Version Source statement Source Symbol Value Symbol TableSymbol Type Symbols value is shown as eight hexadecimal digits Symbol Name Using Library Manager Using Library Manager Starting Library Manager Slib103 test.lib -f -j test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Je test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Js test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slig103 test.lib -f -Jj test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Rules os use Slib103 test.lib -f -e test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -Wall -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -W4001 -o test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -c test1.rf Create a new library fileSlib103 test.lib -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Name Slib103 test.lib -f test1.rf Force creation of a library fileSlib103 test.lib -f test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Files with the same name Slib103 test.lib -a test.1.rf Functional OptionsSlib103 test.lib -a test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Path name will be added in the library file Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -p test1.rf slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 Test.lib -r test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -r test1.rfFile Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf slib103 test.lib -t Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rf slib103 test.lib Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rfExisting in the current directory Slib103 @pfile There is no default specificationAssume that the file pfile contains the following line Slib103 -h Default is not to display the version numberDisplay the library manager’s version number on the console Slib103 Errornumber Displayedmessage Error MessagesCause Solutions 4001 Filename not found 4002 This file has no public symbol information.filename4003 Filename not found. In addition to library 4312 Symbol name length over. max 66. symbol 4310 This file has redefined public symbol. filename4301 Multiply specified object file name.filename 4302 Premature EOF. filename 4314 Cannot read parameter-file. filename 4313 Parameter-file already specified. filename4315 Not warning message number 4501 Illegal option. string 4504 Memory allocation error4502 Library file name not found 4503 Multiply specified library file name. filenamePage Purpose of This Chapter Personal Computer Versions PC/ATWindows98/2000/Me/XP DOS/VWindows98/2000/Me/XP Operating Environment AS103.EXE Assembler FilesLD103.EXE linker SLIB103.EXE library manager Installation SET PATH=A\usr\local\bin Environment Settings New setting will then automatically take effect Differences From Workstation Versions Command line differences Generate error file Error Correction Using Tag JumpsContents of the generated error file Error are as follows Contents of the file Error will be displayed on the screen Fix errorsFirst error message matches this display on the screen Tag jumps MAIN.ASM7 Error 2306 Multiple define symbol Return to error file Appendix Numeric Restrictions List of Command Options Assembler command general format List of Assembler Command OptionsOutput file options Preprocessor options Error message optionsProgram generation options Display the assembler’s version number on the console Others Linker command general format List of Linker Command Options Instruction RAM options Library file options Display help information on the console Ld103 @ pfileDisplay the linker’s version number on the console List of Assembler Directives Directives for symbolsDirectives for program control Syntax Function & Notes Directives for list control Directives for data area allocation Other directives Clang Extended C language format defaultIntel Intel format Pana Matsushita format This section provides a list of assembler control statements List of Assembler Control Statements Syntax Function & Notes Symbols Machine language code supplemental information Libraryfilename 103 Pathname 104 Label Field 148Macro 207 Macroname 207 Undefined 142 173 Number Wall 313 289 Xlistoff 176 Xliston Index MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Sales Offices