Instruction Statement Fields, Coding rules | Panasonic MN1030

Chapter 9 Writing Machine Language Instructions and Directive Statements

9.2Instruction Statement Fields

Source statements that code machine language instructions and directives are built from four fields.

[label] [operation [operand [, operand]]] [comment] Contents of brackets [ ] can be omitted.

Coding rules

Source statements may contain a label field only.

Depending on the operation, source statements may contain no operand.

Fields are delimited by at least one space or tab. Two operands are delimited by a comma (,). A statement with an LF only, omitting all fields, is a blank statement.

Statements are terminated by the LF character (line feed = 0x0A). The maximum number of characters on one line is 255.

Instruction Statement Fields 147

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Panasonic MN1030 user manual Instruction Statement Fields, Coding rules

Contents

MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Page Page Reference Techniques Manual Features Usage note How to readHeading Program example Related Manuals Chapter Writing Macro Control Statements Purpose of This Chapter Purpose of This Chapter Rules of Usage Usage Example Chapter Types of Source Statements Writing Assembler Control Statements Readinig List Files Error Correction Using Tag Jumps 306 Chapter Purpose of This Chapter 98/Me/2000/XP Operating EnvironmentHost machine Operating system Version of OS Solaris Or later Slib103 library manager File OrganizationAs103 assembler Ld103 linker Installation Setup Setting command pathStart-up files Keywordparameter Start-up file format Option Keyword DescriptionMessage Notation Libdir En-OPTIONEd-OPTION Stdlib Excv103 options EX format file name General command formatFile Conversion Utility Options Rules of output file name Default specification Example of specifying options Program Development Flow Program Development Flow Program Development Flow Main development flowAssembler and compiler Source code debugger Program format Reference , Using Linker, for detailsProgramming with Assembler Required knowledge Optimization Programming style Conditional assembly MacrosDebugging Program Development Flow Programming with Assembler Introduction to Operation Introduction to Operation Files Used Files Used by Assembler and Linker Introduction to Operation Create source files Basic Operation of Assembler and Linker Assemble Contents of program2.asm are as follows Generate final list files Link Contents of the final list file program1.lst are as follows Contents of the final list file program2.lst are as follows Assembling and Linking Multiple Sections Assemble and generate list files Contents of program4.asm are as follows DATA, PUBLIC,4 Contents of the list file program4.lst are as follows Parameter file during linking Following command was input to link CAE0 Data Contents of the final list file program4.lst are as follows Program Location Program locations after linking Conditional Assembly and Linking Create source file#ifdef Assemble and link the program that you have created Assemble and link Select false condition, assemble, and link Specify assembly conditions in the command As103 -D Debug program5.asm Introduction to Operation Conditional Assembly and Linking Chapter Optimization Has been optimized Rules of Usage Optimization is off by default Instruction Type Branch Range Usage ExampleOptimization Instructions Optimized Conditional Branch Instructions Type Branch Range Dn, abs Movhu abs, Dn Movhu Dn, abs Abs, AnAbs, Dn An, abs Logical Instructions Subject To Optimization InstructionBtst imm, Dn Optimization processing BNE*+5 Optimization processing of conditional branch instructionsAssembler processing Linker processing Optimization of function calls Label JMP label Call label Calls label JSR label Optimization of branchesBRA label Label JMP label Optimization Optimization Opt Text CA7F Example subroutine call converted to a relative branch Using Assembler Using Asssembler General format of commands Starting AssemblerSpecifying options Summary of options Command Options Operation Example Output File OptionsFunctional description Rules of Use Output a list file As103 -l sample.asmNo list file will be output Do not output files included by include to the list file As103 -Li -l sample.asmAs103 -l -Li sampl.asm As103 -l -Lm sampl.asm As103 -Lm -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lc sampl.asm As103 -Lc -l sample.asm As103 -a sample.map -l sample.asm Do not output a symbol table to the list fileSymbol table will be output As103 -Ls -l sample.asm As103 -j sample.asm Error Message Options This option is not available on DOS/V or PC/AT machines As103 -Je sample.asm As103 -Js sample.asm As103 -Jj sample.asm As103 -e sample.asm Output error and warning messages in English As103 -Wall sample.asm Default is to display all warning messagesAs103 -W 2001 sample.asm Wall Do not output any warning messages Preprocessor Options Pathname Specify the trace directory of the include fileAs103 -I/user/defs main.asm As103 -D Version sample.asm As103 -g sample.asm Program Generation OptionsOutput debug information to the relocatable object file Executable format file .EX As103 -Od sample.asm Turn on optimizationAs103 -O sample.asm Turn off optimization Display the assemblers version number on the console Other OptionsAs103 -h On the screen As103 -g -o test.rf -I /user/lib sample.asm Program assemblyOperation Examples As103 -g -D Version -o test.rf /user/source/main.asm As103 -l -a main.map sub.asm As103 -l -Lc -Lm -a main.map -D Mode prog1.asm Chapter Using Linker Link Model of Section Address Format Main.ex -gm Starting LinkerLd103 options relocatableobjectfilename Libraryfilename Jmg Executable file Path specifications on the relocatable object files@CODE=80000000 or -T @CODE=80000000 M103.map, respectively Linker options Option Type Symbol Description Command Options Ld103 -o /usr/tmp/test.ex main.rf sub.rf Output a map file Ld103 -m main.rf sub.rfLd103 -m -TTEXT=80000000 -TCONST=80005000 prog1.rf prog2.rf Ld103 -j sample.rf Ld103 -Je sample.rf Ld103 -Js sample.rf Ld103 -Jj sample.rf Ld103 -e sample.rf Function description Ld103 -W3001 progr1.rf prog2.rfLd103 -Wall main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -g main.rf sub.rf Output debug information to the executable format file Section =addresses Specify starting address for a section Section layout rules Lowest section is referred to the section name Ld103 main.rf sub.rfLd103 -T @CODE=80000000 -T@DATA=0 main.rf sub.rf Parameter file Letter Ld103 -r prog1.rf Output an executable format file even if errors are detected Ld103 -Ed main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -En main.rf sub.rfEn option cannot be used in conjunction with the g option Output the Data section to the executable file Message will be appeared Library File OptionsLibraryfilename Specify a library file Ld103 -l /usr/lib/sample.lib main.rf sub.rf Library files specified by the l option will be read Pathname Specify a directory containing library files Operational example @filename Specify a parameter fileLd103 @pfile Ld103 Ld103 -h Instruction RAM Support Structure of Iram Support Executable File Structural Elements of an Iram Support ExecutableNumber field to Layout Image for Instruction RAM and External Memory These names for ordinary symbols Using Linker Same result Iram Support Options Starting address in instruction RAM is given in hexadecimal PUT symbol=address Specify address for extra symbol Overlaytable IrammanageAddress is in hexadecimal Operation Examples Assigning to different addresses in instruction RAMAssignment to the same address in instruction RAM Overlaps with actual code Conflicts and suppresses executable file output Using Linker Instruction RAM Support Types of Source Statements Type of Source Statements Program Format Movw Data, A0 0x12 D0, A0 Endm #includeEqu 0x32 Dataset Macro Directive statements Machine language instruction statements Assembler Control Statements #else Mov 0x22, D0Mov 0x11, D0 Macro Control Statements Adrset Macro data, reg Mov Reg, A0 Data, D0 D0, A0 EndmAdrset Data1, reg1 Data2, reg2 Conditional assembly definition Comment StatementsProgram Start main Blank Statements Type of Source Statements Blank Statements Writing Source Statements Writing Source Statements Letters Permitted CharactersDigits 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Re hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal NumbersRadices and allowed digits C D E F or Extended C language format Intel formatCoding rules ’789’ Matsushita format’101’ ’567’ Character constants Character Constants Specified String constantsSpecifies the string Abcdefg as Ascii code +-&%$#@ Specifies the string +-&%$#@!,. as Ascii code Example Address Constants Location Counter Sec ExpressionsAssembler or linker Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 Operator Meaning OperatorsArithmetic operators Shift operators Logical operators Logical operators perform calculation in bit unitsFormats Example Operand1 Operand2 Expression Evaluation Precedence Operator DescriptionEqu 0b01101110 Mov 10+5+2, d0 Expression SyntaxMov 10+5, d0 Mov +10+5, d0 Attribute of Operand Attribute of Result Expression AttributesOperation result attributes For ~, +, unary operators For + addition operator For subtraction operatorFor *, /, %, , , &, , operators Iflt, ifn, ifnb, ifndef, ifneq, include, undef Reserved WordsD0, d1, d2, d3, a0, a1,a2, a3, PSW, mdr, sp Define, if Ifb, ifdef, ifeq, ifge, ifgt, iflePage Purpose of This Chapter Coding rules Instruction Statement Fields Writing Label Field Coding examplesLabel Longlabellonglabellonglabellonglab main Startcont Writing Operation Field EquStart Mov Jsr Writing Operand FieldOne operand Operands are register and expression Writing Comment Field Mov 0x10, D0Set count value Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements Below is a list of directives Writing Directive StatementsList of directives Document conventions Section linking rules Default settingsSection Syntax Main Jsr Operand coding rulesDirective coding rules Usage example Align Label Operation Operand Align ExpressionCurrent location counter value will be inherited Below is an example use of the align directive 000000000x01 Below is an example use of the end directive 3 endLabel Name end These directives take no operands Listoff, listonLabel operation operand Name listoff Name liston Listoff and liston directives themselves are output Operand Format NotationLabel Operation Operand Notation Clang will be selected Notation Below is an example use of the notation directive Org 0x100 End 6 orgSecadr Secfnc Org 0x20 Opt on Opt off 7 opt Label Operation Operand Linesexpression ,columnsexpression Number of lines = Number of columns =Below is an example use of the page directive Below is an example use of the radix directive RadixLabel Operation Operand Radix Expression Another radix 10 dc 11 ds When expression2 is omitted, expression3 cannot be specified 1122 Below is an example use of the ds directivePanaX Series MN1030 Cross Assembler Loc Object Line Source Ds0 34127856 Dw1 dw 0x1234 12 dwSection DATA, Public 3930 Dw0 dw 12345 00000000 Dd0 13 ddLabel Operation Operand Name Expression, expression 78563412 Dd0 0x12345678 14 equ Label Operation Operand Name Equ ExpressionMemory equ Motor equ Stop equ 0b00001000 Base equ 8020 Mov Equ 0x20Equ 0b00001000 Equ 0x1000 Label Operation Operand Name Global Name, name Global Mov 0x11, D0 Rts End Below is an example use of the global directiveExternal declaration External reference Loc Object Line Source Tit 16 titLabel operation operand Titstring Below is an example use of the tit directive These directives take no operand Xlistoff, xlistonName Xlistoff Xliston Xlistoff and xliston directives themselves are not output Directive Specification Rules FuncinfoUsage Examples, Optimization of function calls Stack Global 0funcCall 0func Global 0func, func Func Movm D2, SP Add 0func Funcinfo Func, 8, D2 Ret Assign 0x02 00000002 8002 Mov AssignUsage examples Assign 0x01 00000000 8001 MovPage Writing Assembler Control Statements Symbols used in this chapter have the following meanings Contents of brackets may be omittedCommon coding rules File Inclusion 10.2.1 #include #include filenamePath name is coded within filename Main Mov Data, A0 0x34, D0 D0, A0 End Data equFile to be assembled consists of the following statements #include Inc.h Identifier Definement Main Mov Data, D0 Load End #define Replacementstring comment10.3.1 #define #define Data Load Mov Data, D0 #define Data1 0x11 Data2 0x22 10.3.2 #undef#undef identifier Source file that uses #undef is shown below Conditional Assembly Contents of brackets from #else on can be omitted#if These directives can be used only within macro definitions Table below lists the conditional assembly directives #ifndef 10.4.1 #ifdef, #ifndefSyntax for #ifdef Syntax for #ifndef #ifdef Identifier #ifndef Block1 #else Block2 #endif 10X Mov 0x03, D1 #else #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef#else Mov 0x03, D1 0x04, D1 #endif 8001 Mov 0x01, D0 #else 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef #if 10.4.2 #if, #ifnSyntax for #if Syntax for #ifn #ifn 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn#else Mov 0x03, D0 0x04, D0 #endif Mov 0x01, D0 #else 10.4.3 #ifeq, #ifneq #ifeq#ifneq Compare Abc, abc Abc, acb 8002 11+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif M10 Compare Abc, abc 10+ #ifeq 10.4.4 #iflt, #ifle #iflt#ifle 8002 12+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif M12 Dsize12+ #iflt 12X Mov 0x01, D0 12+ #else #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 10.4.5 #ifgt, #ifge#ifgt #ifge 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 10.4.6 #ifb, #ifnb #ifb#ifnb Debugon M17 Debug M14 Debug14+ #ifb Debugon 14X Jsr Check Proc #else 00000000 +14+ Jsr Proc 00000008 00F8FE04 #endif #undef Writing Macro Control Statements #include directive Macro definitions Macrobody Macro Definitions macro, endmMacroname Dummyparameter , dummyparameter An example macro definition is shown below Macro Calls and Expansion Macroname Parameter , parameterUp to10 dummy parameters can be specified Var1 Equ 0x10 Var2 Var1+2 Addadr Macro Adr Adr, A0 Endm Operator Description Macro Operators Text Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 Local Symbol Declaration local Macroname macro parameter Local symbol , symbol SymbolUp to 30 symbols can be specified An example using the local directive is shown below Forced Termination of Macro Expansion exitm Parameter#endif Exitm Endm Test Purge macroname , macroname Purging Macro Definitions purge Reptexpression block Rept Assembled list file is shown below Block 11.9 irpIrp Dummyparameter, parameter , parameter Irp Following example uses the irpc directive IrpcIrpc Dummyparameter, string DATA, Public Writing Macro Control Statements Irpc List of Machine Language Instructions List of Machine Language Instructions Register indirect addressing Addressing Modes Register relative indirect addressing Absolute addressing Index addressing List of Machine Language Instructions Move source to destination 12.3.1 Data Move Instructions Mnemonic Description of operation Movhu Index Absolute Extend Sign Arithmetic Instructions ADD with CarrySubtract with Borrow Compare source with destination EXCLUSIVE-OR source with destination Logical InstructionsSource with destination Or source with destination Mnemonic Description of operation LSR Dm, Dn Mnemonic Description of operation ASR Dm, DnASR imm8, Dn ASR Dn Bit operations Bit Manipulation Instructions Bclr imm8,abs32 Call Subroutine Branching Instructions Unconditional Branch Mnemonic Description of operation JMP AnJMP label Mnemonic Meaning Description of operation Conditional Branch If ZF = 1 or NF != VF, execute next instruction Conditional Branch for LoopZF=1 If ZF = 0, execute next instruction ZF=0 If ZF = 1, execute next instruction UDFnn imm, Dn User-Defined InstructionsUser Defined Function UDFnn Dm, Dn Do nothing Other Instructions Error Messages Error Messages Assembler Errors Illegal operand value Operand errorDefine symbol multiple defined Define symbol not defined Not guaranteed operand by the instruction allocation Symbol name too longLine of the source file exceed 65535 lines Error Messages Illegal operand expression Debug operand errorMacro symbol is used recursively Illegal section name No optimizing information Error in configure fileToo many arguments Can’t find Funcinfo directive Fatal Error Messages Linker Errors Address overlay with Iram manager Extra symbolname address aligned. addressFilename Section not found. This file ignored Filename Illegal sectionname attribute or align value Filename Symbolname not defined with FUNCINFO. line lineno Bad option switch.stringMultiply defined symbol Undefined symbol 3313 Extra symbolname used as normal symbol Filename Cannot read file Filename Invalid symbol detail information type.typeNo memory space Fileneme Cannot open file Filename Illegal optimize information.line lineno Filename Referring to symbolname defined in a programID=idInternal Error.string Filename Illegal relocation information.line lineno Error Messages Linker Errors Readinig List Files Reading List Files Reading List Files Machine language code supplemental information Output Format of Machine Language CodeLocation Loc Machine language code Object Supplemental information Version Source statement Source Symbols value is shown as eight hexadecimal digits Symbol TableSymbol Value Symbol Type Symbol Name Using Library Manager Using Library Manager Starting Library Manager Slib103 test.lib -f -j test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Je test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Js test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slig103 test.lib -f -Jj test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Rules os use Slib103 test.lib -f -e test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -Wall -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -W4001 -o test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Name Create a new library fileSlib103 test.lib -c test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Files with the same name Force creation of a library fileSlib103 test.lib -f test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -f test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Path name will be added in the library file Functional OptionsSlib103 test.lib -a test.1.rf Slib103 test.lib -a test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -p test1.rf slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 test.lib -r test1.rf Slib103 Test.lib -r test1.rf test2.rf test3.rfFile Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf slib103 test.lib -t Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rf slib103 test.libExisting in the current directory There is no default specification Slib103 @pfileAssume that the file pfile contains the following line Slib103 Default is not to display the version numberSlib103 -h Display the library manager’s version number on the console Error Messages Errornumber DisplayedmessageCause Solutions 4002 This file has no public symbol information.filename 4001 Filename not found4003 Filename not found. In addition to library 4302 Premature EOF. filename 4310 This file has redefined public symbol. filename4312 Symbol name length over. max 66. symbol 4301 Multiply specified object file name.filename 4313 Parameter-file already specified. filename 4314 Cannot read parameter-file. filename4315 Not warning message number 4503 Multiply specified library file name. filename 4504 Memory allocation error4501 Illegal option. string 4502 Library file name not foundPage Purpose of This Chapter Personal Computer Versions PC/ATWindows98/2000/Me/XP DOS/VWindows98/2000/Me/XP Operating Environment SLIB103.EXE library manager FilesAS103.EXE Assembler LD103.EXE linker Installation SET PATH=A\usr\local\bin Environment Settings New setting will then automatically take effect Differences From Workstation Versions Command line differences Error Correction Using Tag Jumps Generate error fileContents of the generated error file Error are as follows Tag jumps Fix errorsContents of the file Error will be displayed on the screen First error message matches this display on the screen MAIN.ASM7 Error 2306 Multiple define symbol Return to error file Appendix Numeric Restrictions List of Command Options List of Assembler Command Options Assembler command general formatOutput file options Error message options Preprocessor optionsProgram generation options Display the assembler’s version number on the console Others Linker command general format List of Linker Command Options Instruction RAM options Library file options Ld103 @ pfile Display help information on the consoleDisplay the linker’s version number on the console Syntax Function & Notes Directives for symbolsList of Assembler Directives Directives for program control Directives for list control Directives for data area allocation Pana Matsushita format Clang Extended C language format defaultOther directives Intel Intel format This section provides a list of assembler control statements List of Assembler Control Statements Syntax Function & Notes Symbols Macroname 207 Libraryfilename 103 Pathname 104 Label Field 148Machine language code supplemental information Macro 207 Undefined 142 173 Number Wall 313 289 Xlistoff 176 Xliston Index MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Sales Offices