Numbers, Radices and allowed digits, C D E F or | Panasonic MN1030

Chapter 8 Writing Source Statements

8.3Numbers

The cross assembler provides three coding formats for use in numbers and (single) character constants (refer to section 8.4, "Character Constants").

•Extended C language format

•Intel format

•Matsushita format

One of these formats is selected by using the notation directive. The default is extended C language format.

Four radices can be used.

•Radix 2 (binary)

•Radix 8 (octal)

•Radix 10 (decimal)

•Radix 16 (hexadecimal)

Any radix can be selected by using the radix directive (but only decimal is allowed in extended C language format). The default is decimal, regardless of coding format.

To code numbers with a radix other than the default, a fixed suffix indicating the radix is appended to the digits.

Radices and allowed digits

Radix 2(binary)	0	1
Radix 8(octal)	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Radix 10(decimal)	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Radix 16(hexadecimal)	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	A B C D E F or
	A	B	C	D	E	F are hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal
	10		11	12	13	14		15. Lower case letters can also be used.

The next page shows how the various radices and formats are coded.

130 Numbers

Image 142

Panasonic MN1030 Numbers, Radices and allowed digits, C D E F or, Re hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal

Contents

MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Page Page Manual Features Reference Techniques Program example How to readHeading Usage note Related Manuals Chapter Writing Macro Control Statements Purpose of This Chapter Rules of Usage Usage Example Purpose of This Chapter Chapter Types of Source Statements Writing Assembler Control Statements Readinig List Files Error Correction Using Tag Jumps 306 Chapter Purpose of This Chapter Solaris Or later Operating EnvironmentHost machine Operating system Version of OS 98/Me/2000/XP Ld103 linker File OrganizationAs103 assembler Slib103 library manager Installation Setting command path SetupStart-up files Start-up file format Keywordparameter Notation Keyword DescriptionMessage Option Stdlib En-OPTIONEd-OPTION Libdir Options General command formatFile Conversion Utility Excv103 options EX format file name Default specification Rules of output file name Example of specifying options Program Development Flow Program Development Flow Main development flow Program Development FlowAssembler and compiler Source code debugger Required knowledge Reference , Using Linker, for detailsProgramming with Assembler Program format Programming style Optimization Macros Conditional assemblyDebugging Program Development Flow Programming with Assembler Introduction to Operation Introduction to Operation Files Used by Assembler and Linker Files Used Introduction to Operation Basic Operation of Assembler and Linker Create source files Contents of program2.asm are as follows Assemble Link Generate final list files Contents of the final list file program1.lst are as follows Contents of the final list file program2.lst are as follows Assembling and Linking Multiple Sections Contents of program4.asm are as follows Assemble and generate list files DATA, PUBLIC,4 Contents of the list file program4.lst are as follows Following command was input to link Parameter file during linking CAE0 Data Contents of the final list file program4.lst are as follows Program locations after linking Program Location Create source file Conditional Assembly and Linking#ifdef Assemble and link Assemble and link the program that you have created Specify assembly conditions in the command Select false condition, assemble, and link As103 -D Debug program5.asm Introduction to Operation Conditional Assembly and Linking Chapter Optimization Has been optimized Optimization is off by default Rules of Usage Optimized Conditional Branch Instructions Type Branch Range Usage ExampleOptimization Instructions Instruction Type Branch Range An, abs Abs, AnAbs, Dn Dn, abs Movhu abs, Dn Movhu Dn, abs Instruction Logical Instructions Subject To OptimizationBtst imm, Dn Optimization processing Linker processing Optimization processing of conditional branch instructionsAssembler processing BNE*+5 Optimization of function calls Label JMP label Optimization of branchesBRA label Label JMP label Call label Calls label JSR label Optimization Optimization Opt Text CA7F Example subroutine call converted to a relative branch Using Assembler Using Asssembler Starting Assembler General format of commandsSpecifying options Summary of options Command Options Rules of Use Output File OptionsFunctional description Operation Example As103 -l sample.asm Output a list fileNo list file will be output As103 -Li -l sample.asm Do not output files included by include to the list fileAs103 -l -Li sampl.asm As103 -Lm -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lm sampl.asm As103 -Lc -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lc sampl.asm As103 -Ls -l sample.asm Do not output a symbol table to the list fileSymbol table will be output As103 -a sample.map -l sample.asm Error Message Options As103 -j sample.asm As103 -Je sample.asm This option is not available on DOS/V or PC/AT machines As103 -Js sample.asm As103 -Jj sample.asm Output error and warning messages in English As103 -e sample.asm Wall Do not output any warning messages Default is to display all warning messagesAs103 -W 2001 sample.asm As103 -Wall sample.asm Pathname Specify the trace directory of the include file Preprocessor OptionsAs103 -I/user/defs main.asm As103 -D Version sample.asm Executable format file .EX Program Generation OptionsOutput debug information to the relocatable object file As103 -g sample.asm Turn off optimization Turn on optimizationAs103 -O sample.asm As103 -Od sample.asm On the screen Other OptionsAs103 -h Display the assemblers version number on the console As103 -g -D Version -o test.rf /user/source/main.asm Program assemblyOperation Examples As103 -g -o test.rf -I /user/lib sample.asm As103 -l -Lc -Lm -a main.map -D Mode prog1.asm As103 -l -a main.map sub.asm Chapter Using Linker Link Model of Section Address Format Jmg Starting LinkerLd103 options relocatableobjectfilename Libraryfilename Main.ex -gm M103.map, respectively Path specifications on the relocatable object files@CODE=80000000 or -T @CODE=80000000 Executable file Linker options Option Type Symbol Description Command Options Ld103 -o /usr/tmp/test.ex main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -m main.rf sub.rf Output a map fileLd103 -m -TTEXT=80000000 -TCONST=80005000 prog1.rf prog2.rf Ld103 -j sample.rf Ld103 -Je sample.rf Ld103 -Js sample.rf Ld103 -Jj sample.rf Ld103 -e sample.rf Ld103 -W3001 progr1.rf prog2.rf Function descriptionLd103 -Wall main.rf sub.rf Output debug information to the executable format file Ld103 -g main.rf sub.rf Section layout rules Section =addresses Specify starting address for a section Ld103 main.rf sub.rf Lowest section is referred to the section nameLd103 -T @CODE=80000000 -T@DATA=0 main.rf sub.rf Letter Parameter file Output an executable format file even if errors are detected Ld103 -r prog1.rf Output the Data section to the executable file Ld103 -En main.rf sub.rfEn option cannot be used in conjunction with the g option Ld103 -Ed main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -l /usr/lib/sample.lib main.rf sub.rf Library File OptionsLibraryfilename Specify a library file Message will be appeared Pathname Specify a directory containing library files Library files specified by the l option will be read @filename Specify a parameter file Operational exampleLd103 @pfile Ld103 -h Ld103 Instruction RAM Support Structural Elements of an Iram Support Executable Structure of Iram Support Executable FileNumber field to These names for ordinary symbols Layout Image for Instruction RAM and External Memory Using Linker Iram Support Options Same result Starting address in instruction RAM is given in hexadecimal Overlaytable Irammanage PUT symbol=address Specify address for extra symbolAddress is in hexadecimal Assigning to different addresses in instruction RAM Operation ExamplesAssignment to the same address in instruction RAM Conflicts and suppresses executable file output Overlaps with actual code Using Linker Instruction RAM Support Types of Source Statements Type of Source Statements Program Format Dataset Macro #includeEqu 0x32 Movw Data, A0 0x12 D0, A0 Endm Machine language instruction statements Directive statements #else Mov 0x22, D0 Assembler Control StatementsMov 0x11, D0 Adrset Macro data, reg Mov Reg, A0 Data, D0 D0, A0 Endm Macro Control StatementsAdrset Data1, reg1 Data2, reg2 Comment Statements Conditional assembly definitionProgram Start main Blank Statements Type of Source Statements Blank Statements Writing Source Statements Writing Source Statements 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Permitted CharactersDigits Letters C D E F or NumbersRadices and allowed digits Re hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal Intel format Extended C language formatCoding rules ’567’ Matsushita format’101’ ’789’ Character Constants Character constants +-&%$#@ Specifies the string +-&%$#@!,. as Ascii code String constantsSpecifies the string Abcdefg as Ascii code Specified Address Constants Example Location Counter Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 ExpressionsAssembler or linker Sec Shift operators OperatorsArithmetic operators Operator Meaning Logical operators perform calculation in bit units Logical operatorsFormats Example Operand1 Operand2 Precedence Operator Description Expression EvaluationEqu 0b01101110 Mov +10+5, d0 Expression SyntaxMov 10+5, d0 Mov 10+5+2, d0 For ~, +, unary operators Expression AttributesOperation result attributes Attribute of Operand Attribute of Result For subtraction operator For + addition operatorFor *, /, %, , , &, , operators Define, if Ifb, ifdef, ifeq, ifge, ifgt, ifle Reserved WordsD0, d1, d2, d3, a0, a1,a2, a3, PSW, mdr, sp Iflt, ifn, ifnb, ifndef, ifneq, include, undefPage Purpose of This Chapter Instruction Statement Fields Coding rules Coding examples Writing Label FieldLabel Longlabellonglabellonglabellonglab main Startcont Equ Writing Operation FieldStart Mov Operands are register and expression Writing Operand FieldOne operand Jsr Mov 0x10, D0 Writing Comment FieldSet count value Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements Document conventions Writing Directive StatementsList of directives Below is a list of directives Syntax Default settingsSection Section linking rules Usage example Operand coding rulesDirective coding rules Main Jsr Label Operation Operand Align Expression AlignCurrent location counter value will be inherited 00000000 Below is an example use of the align directive0x01 Name end 3 endLabel Below is an example use of the end directive Listoff and liston directives themselves are output Listoff, listonLabel operation operand Name listoff Name liston These directives take no operands Clang will be selected NotationLabel Operation Operand Notation Operand Format Below is an example use of the notation directive Notation Secfnc Org 0x20 6 orgSecadr Org 0x100 End 7 opt Opt on Opt off Number of lines = Number of columns = Label Operation Operand Linesexpression ,columnsexpressionBelow is an example use of the page directive Another radix RadixLabel Operation Operand Radix Expression Below is an example use of the radix directive 10 dc When expression2 is omitted, expression3 cannot be specified 11 ds Ds0 Below is an example use of the ds directivePanaX Series MN1030 Cross Assembler Loc Object Line Source 1122 3930 Dw0 dw 12345 12 dwSection DATA, Public 34127856 Dw1 dw 0x1234 78563412 Dd0 0x12345678 13 ddLabel Operation Operand Name Expression, expression 00000000 Dd0 Label Operation Operand Name Equ Expression 14 equMemory equ Motor equ Stop equ 0b00001000 Base equ Equ 0x1000 Equ 0x20Equ 0b00001000 8020 Mov Global Label Operation Operand Name Global Name, name External reference Below is an example use of the global directiveExternal declaration Mov 0x11, D0 Rts End Below is an example use of the tit directive 16 titLabel operation operand Titstring Loc Object Line Source Tit Xlistoff and xliston directives themselves are not output Xlistoff, xlistonName Xlistoff Xliston These directives take no operand Funcinfo Directive Specification RulesUsage Examples, Optimization of function calls Func Movm D2, SP Add 0func Funcinfo Func, 8, D2 Ret Global 0funcCall 0func Global 0func, func Stack Assign 0x01 00000000 8001 Mov AssignUsage examples Assign 0x02 00000002 8002 MovPage Writing Assembler Control Statements Contents of brackets may be omitted Symbols used in this chapter have the following meaningsCommon coding rules File Inclusion #include filename 10.2.1 #includePath name is coded within filename #include Inc.h Data equFile to be assembled consists of the following statements Main Mov Data, A0 0x34, D0 D0, A0 End Identifier Definement #define Data Load Mov Data, D0 #define Replacementstring comment10.3.1 #define Main Mov Data, D0 Load End Source file that uses #undef is shown below 10.3.2 #undef#undef identifier #define Data1 0x11 Data2 0x22 Contents of brackets from #else on can be omitted Conditional Assembly#if Table below lists the conditional assembly directives These directives can be used only within macro definitions #ifdef Identifier #ifndef Block1 #else Block2 #endif 10.4.1 #ifdef, #ifndefSyntax for #ifdef Syntax for #ifndef #ifndef 8001 Mov 0x01, D0 #else 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef#else Mov 0x03, D1 0x04, D1 #endif 10X Mov 0x03, D1 #else #ifn 10.4.2 #if, #ifnSyntax for #if Syntax for #ifn #if Mov 0x01, D0 #else #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn#else Mov 0x03, D0 0x04, D0 #endif 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn #ifeq 10.4.3 #ifeq, #ifneq#ifneq Compare Abc, abc Abc, acb M10 Compare Abc, abc 10+ #ifeq 8002 11+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #iflt 10.4.4 #iflt, #ifle#ifle 12X Mov 0x01, D0 12+ #else M12 Dsize12+ #iflt 8002 12+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 10.4.5 #ifgt, #ifge#ifgt #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge #ifb 10.4.6 #ifb, #ifnb#ifnb Debugon +14+ Jsr Proc 00000008 00F8FE04 #endif #undef M14 Debug14+ #ifb Debugon 14X Jsr Check Proc #else 00000000 M17 Debug Writing Macro Control Statements #include directive Macro definitions Dummyparameter , dummyparameter Macro Definitions macro, endmMacroname Macrobody An example macro definition is shown below Macroname Parameter , parameter Macro Calls and ExpansionUp to10 dummy parameters can be specified Var1 Equ 0x10 Var2 Var1+2 Addadr Macro Adr Adr, A0 Endm Macro Operators Operator Description Text Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 Macroname macro parameter Local symbol , symbol Symbol Local Symbol Declaration localUp to 30 symbols can be specified An example using the local directive is shown below Parameter Forced Termination of Macro Expansion exitm#endif Exitm Endm Test Purging Macro Definitions purge Purge macroname , macroname Rept Reptexpression block Assembled list file is shown below Dummyparameter, parameter , parameter 11.9 irpIrp Block Irp Dummyparameter, string IrpcIrpc Following example uses the irpc directive DATA, Public Writing Macro Control Statements Irpc List of Machine Language Instructions List of Machine Language Instructions Addressing Modes Register indirect addressing Register relative indirect addressing Absolute addressing Index addressing List of Machine Language Instructions 12.3.1 Data Move Instructions Move source to destination Mnemonic Description of operation Index Movhu Absolute Extend Sign ADD with Carry Arithmetic InstructionsSubtract with Borrow Compare source with destination Or source with destination Logical InstructionsSource with destination EXCLUSIVE-OR source with destination ASR Dn Mnemonic Description of operation ASR Dm, DnASR imm8, Dn Mnemonic Description of operation LSR Dm, Dn Bit Manipulation Instructions Bit operations Bclr imm8,abs32 Branching Instructions Call Subroutine Mnemonic Description of operation JMP An Unconditional BranchJMP label Conditional Branch Mnemonic Meaning Description of operation ZF=0 If ZF = 1, execute next instruction Conditional Branch for LoopZF=1 If ZF = 0, execute next instruction If ZF = 1 or NF != VF, execute next instruction UDFnn Dm, Dn User-Defined InstructionsUser Defined Function UDFnn imm, Dn Other Instructions Do nothing Error Messages Error Messages Assembler Errors Define symbol not defined Operand errorDefine symbol multiple defined Illegal operand value Symbol name too long Not guaranteed operand by the instruction allocationLine of the source file exceed 65535 lines Error Messages Illegal section name Debug operand errorMacro symbol is used recursively Illegal operand expression Can’t find Funcinfo directive Error in configure fileToo many arguments No optimizing information Fatal Error Messages Linker Errors Filename Illegal sectionname attribute or align value Extra symbolname address aligned. addressFilename Section not found. This file ignored Address overlay with Iram manager Undefined symbol Bad option switch.stringMultiply defined symbol Filename Symbolname not defined with FUNCINFO. line lineno Extra symbolname used as normal symbol 3313 Fileneme Cannot open file Filename Invalid symbol detail information type.typeNo memory space Filename Cannot read file Filename Illegal relocation information.line lineno Filename Referring to symbolname defined in a programID=idInternal Error.string Filename Illegal optimize information.line lineno Error Messages Linker Errors Readinig List Files Reading List Files Reading List Files Machine language code Object Output Format of Machine Language CodeLocation Loc Machine language code supplemental information Supplemental information Source statement Source Version Symbol Type Symbol TableSymbol Value Symbols value is shown as eight hexadecimal digits Symbol Name Using Library Manager Using Library Manager Starting Library Manager Slib103 test.lib -f -j test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Je test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Js test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Rules os use Slig103 test.lib -f -Jj test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -e test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -W4001 -o test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -Wall -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Create a new library fileSlib103 test.lib -c test1.rf Name Slib103 test.lib -f test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Force creation of a library fileSlib103 test.lib -f test1.rf Files with the same name Slib103 test.lib -a test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Functional OptionsSlib103 test.lib -a test.1.rf Path name will be added in the library file Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 test.lib -p test1.rf slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 Test.lib -r test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -r test1.rfFile Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf slib103 test.lib -t Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rf slib103 test.lib Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rfExisting in the current directory Slib103 @pfile There is no default specificationAssume that the file pfile contains the following line Display the library manager’s version number on the console Default is not to display the version numberSlib103 -h Slib103 Errornumber Displayedmessage Error MessagesCause Solutions 4001 Filename not found 4002 This file has no public symbol information.filename4003 Filename not found. In addition to library 4301 Multiply specified object file name.filename 4310 This file has redefined public symbol. filename4312 Symbol name length over. max 66. symbol 4302 Premature EOF. filename 4314 Cannot read parameter-file. filename 4313 Parameter-file already specified. filename4315 Not warning message number 4502 Library file name not found 4504 Memory allocation error4501 Illegal option. string 4503 Multiply specified library file name. filenamePage Purpose of This Chapter Personal Computer Versions Operating Environment PC/ATWindows98/2000/Me/XP DOS/VWindows98/2000/Me/XP LD103.EXE linker FilesAS103.EXE Assembler SLIB103.EXE library manager Installation Environment Settings SET PATH=A\usr\local\bin New setting will then automatically take effect Command line differences Differences From Workstation Versions Generate error file Error Correction Using Tag JumpsContents of the generated error file Error are as follows First error message matches this display on the screen Fix errorsContents of the file Error will be displayed on the screen Tag jumps Return to error file MAIN.ASM7 Error 2306 Multiple define symbol Appendix Numeric Restrictions List of Command Options Assembler command general format List of Assembler Command OptionsOutput file options Preprocessor options Error message optionsProgram generation options Others Display the assembler’s version number on the console List of Linker Command Options Linker command general format Library file options Instruction RAM options Display help information on the console Ld103 @ pfileDisplay the linker’s version number on the console Directives for program control Directives for symbolsList of Assembler Directives Syntax Function & Notes Directives for data area allocation Directives for list control Intel Intel format Clang Extended C language format defaultOther directives Pana Matsushita format List of Assembler Control Statements This section provides a list of assembler control statements Syntax Function & Notes Symbols Macro 207 Libraryfilename 103 Pathname 104 Label Field 148Machine language code supplemental information Macroname 207 Undefined 142 173 Number Wall 313 289 Xlistoff 176 Xliston Index MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Sales Offices