Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements | Panasonic MN1030

Chapter 9 Writing Machine Language Instructions and Directive Statements

9.3Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements

Each machine language instruction is defined by specific mnemonics. Mnemonics are formed from operations and operands accurately coded in the statement fields previously described.

Both upper-case and lower-case letters may be used.

Refer to the "Instruction Manual" for details of machine language instructions.

Coding rules

When coding a label, insert at least one space or tab between it and the operation field. When the label field is omitted, replace it with at least one space or tab.

Both upper-case and lower-case letters may be used.

Insert at least one space or tab between the operation field and operand field.

The assembler and linker optimization function will adjust conditional and unconditional branch instructions to generate the optimal code.

When a relative address is specified in an operand and only labels with specific addresses are coded, the assembler will calculate and set the relative values.

Coding examples

START	mov	D0, (A0)	;src=register, dst=register indirect
	mov	0x11, D0	;src=immediate data, dst=register
	not	D0	;negate
	rol	D0	;rotate left
	ror	D0	;rotate right
	and	0x0f, D0	;logical AND
	or	0x30, D0	;logical OR
	xor	D0, D1	;exclusive OR
	add	D1, D0	;addition
	sub	D1, D0	;subtraction
	mul	D1, D0	;multiplication
	divu	D1, D0	;division
	cmp	0x05, D0	;comparison
	bra	SUBR	;unconditional branch
	jmp	(A0)	;unconditional branch(register indirect)
	jsr	SUBR	;subroutine call
	rts		;return from subroutine

152 Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements

Image 164

Panasonic MN1030 user manual Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements

Contents

MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Page Page Manual Features Reference Techniques How to read HeadingProgram example Usage note Related Manuals Chapter Writing Macro Control Statements Purpose of This Chapter Rules of Usage Usage Example Purpose of This Chapter Chapter Types of Source Statements Writing Assembler Control Statements Readinig List Files Error Correction Using Tag Jumps 306 Chapter Purpose of This Chapter Operating Environment Host machine Operating system Version of OSSolaris Or later 98/Me/2000/XP File Organization As103 assemblerLd103 linker Slib103 library manager Installation Start-up files SetupSetting command path Start-up file format Keywordparameter Keyword Description MessageNotation Option En-OPTION Ed-OPTIONStdlib Libdir General command format File Conversion UtilityOptions Excv103 options EX format file name Default specification Rules of output file name Example of specifying options Program Development Flow Program Development Flow Assembler and compiler Program Development FlowMain development flow Source code debugger Reference , Using Linker, for details Programming with AssemblerRequired knowledge Program format Programming style Optimization Debugging Conditional assemblyMacros Program Development Flow Programming with Assembler Introduction to Operation Introduction to Operation Files Used by Assembler and Linker Files Used Introduction to Operation Basic Operation of Assembler and Linker Create source files Contents of program2.asm are as follows Assemble Link Generate final list files Contents of the final list file program1.lst are as follows Contents of the final list file program2.lst are as follows Assembling and Linking Multiple Sections Contents of program4.asm are as follows Assemble and generate list files DATA, PUBLIC,4 Contents of the list file program4.lst are as follows Following command was input to link Parameter file during linking CAE0 Data Contents of the final list file program4.lst are as follows Program locations after linking Program Location #ifdef Conditional Assembly and LinkingCreate source file Assemble and link Assemble and link the program that you have created Specify assembly conditions in the command Select false condition, assemble, and link As103 -D Debug program5.asm Introduction to Operation Conditional Assembly and Linking Chapter Optimization Has been optimized Optimization is off by default Rules of Usage Usage Example Optimization InstructionsOptimized Conditional Branch Instructions Type Branch Range Instruction Type Branch Range Abs, An Abs, DnAn, abs Dn, abs Movhu abs, Dn Movhu Dn, abs Btst imm, Dn Logical Instructions Subject To OptimizationInstruction Optimization processing Optimization processing of conditional branch instructions Assembler processingLinker processing BNE*+5 Optimization of function calls Optimization of branches BRA labelLabel JMP label Label JMP label Call label Calls label JSR label Optimization Optimization Opt Text CA7F Example subroutine call converted to a relative branch Using Assembler Using Asssembler Specifying options General format of commandsStarting Assembler Summary of options Command Options Output File Options Functional descriptionRules of Use Operation Example No list file will be output Output a list fileAs103 -l sample.asm As103 -l -Li sampl.asm Do not output files included by include to the list fileAs103 -Li -l sample.asm As103 -Lm -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lm sampl.asm As103 -Lc -l sample.asm As103 -l -Lc sampl.asm Do not output a symbol table to the list file Symbol table will be outputAs103 -Ls -l sample.asm As103 -a sample.map -l sample.asm Error Message Options As103 -j sample.asm As103 -Je sample.asm This option is not available on DOS/V or PC/AT machines As103 -Js sample.asm As103 -Jj sample.asm Output error and warning messages in English As103 -e sample.asm Default is to display all warning messages As103 -W 2001 sample.asmWall Do not output any warning messages As103 -Wall sample.asm As103 -I/user/defs main.asm Preprocessor OptionsPathname Specify the trace directory of the include file As103 -D Version sample.asm Program Generation Options Output debug information to the relocatable object fileExecutable format file .EX As103 -g sample.asm Turn on optimization As103 -O sample.asmTurn off optimization As103 -Od sample.asm Other Options As103 -hOn the screen Display the assemblers version number on the console Program assembly Operation ExamplesAs103 -g -D Version -o test.rf /user/source/main.asm As103 -g -o test.rf -I /user/lib sample.asm As103 -l -Lc -Lm -a main.map -D Mode prog1.asm As103 -l -a main.map sub.asm Chapter Using Linker Link Model of Section Address Format Starting Linker Ld103 options relocatableobjectfilename LibraryfilenameJmg Main.ex -gm Path specifications on the relocatable object files @CODE=80000000 or -T @CODE=80000000M103.map, respectively Executable file Linker options Option Type Symbol Description Command Options Ld103 -o /usr/tmp/test.ex main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -m -TTEXT=80000000 -TCONST=80005000 prog1.rf prog2.rf Output a map fileLd103 -m main.rf sub.rf Ld103 -j sample.rf Ld103 -Je sample.rf Ld103 -Js sample.rf Ld103 -Jj sample.rf Ld103 -e sample.rf Ld103 -Wall main.rf sub.rf Function descriptionLd103 -W3001 progr1.rf prog2.rf Output debug information to the executable format file Ld103 -g main.rf sub.rf Section layout rules Section =addresses Specify starting address for a section Ld103 -T @CODE=80000000 -T@DATA=0 main.rf sub.rf Lowest section is referred to the section nameLd103 main.rf sub.rf Letter Parameter file Output an executable format file even if errors are detected Ld103 -r prog1.rf Ld103 -En main.rf sub.rf En option cannot be used in conjunction with the g optionOutput the Data section to the executable file Ld103 -Ed main.rf sub.rf Library File Options Libraryfilename Specify a library fileLd103 -l /usr/lib/sample.lib main.rf sub.rf Message will be appeared Pathname Specify a directory containing library files Library files specified by the l option will be read Ld103 @pfile Operational example@filename Specify a parameter file Ld103 -h Ld103 Instruction RAM Support Number field to Structure of Iram Support Executable FileStructural Elements of an Iram Support Executable These names for ordinary symbols Layout Image for Instruction RAM and External Memory Using Linker Iram Support Options Same result Starting address in instruction RAM is given in hexadecimal Address is in hexadecimal PUT symbol=address Specify address for extra symbolOverlaytable Irammanage Assignment to the same address in instruction RAM Operation ExamplesAssigning to different addresses in instruction RAM Conflicts and suppresses executable file output Overlaps with actual code Using Linker Instruction RAM Support Types of Source Statements Type of Source Statements Program Format #include Equ 0x32Dataset Macro Movw Data, A0 0x12 D0, A0 Endm Machine language instruction statements Directive statements Mov 0x11, D0 Assembler Control Statements#else Mov 0x22, D0 Adrset Data1, reg1 Data2, reg2 Macro Control StatementsAdrset Macro data, reg Mov Reg, A0 Data, D0 D0, A0 Endm Program Start main Conditional assembly definitionComment Statements Blank Statements Type of Source Statements Blank Statements Writing Source Statements Writing Source Statements Permitted Characters Digits2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Letters Numbers Radices and allowed digitsC D E F or Re hexadecimal digits that correspond to decimal Coding rules Extended C language formatIntel format Matsushita format ’101’’567’ ’789’ Character Constants Character constants String constants Specifies the string Abcdefg as Ascii code+-&%$#@ Specifies the string +-&%$#@!,. as Ascii code Specified Address Constants Example Location Counter Expressions Assembler or linkerSection CODE,PUBLIC,1 Sec Operators Arithmetic operatorsShift operators Operator Meaning Formats Example Operand1 Operand2 Logical operatorsLogical operators perform calculation in bit units Equ 0b01101110 Expression EvaluationPrecedence Operator Description Expression Syntax Mov 10+5, d0Mov +10+5, d0 Mov 10+5+2, d0 Expression Attributes Operation result attributesFor ~, +, unary operators Attribute of Operand Attribute of Result For *, /, %, , , &, , operators For + addition operatorFor subtraction operator Reserved Words D0, d1, d2, d3, a0, a1,a2, a3, PSW, mdr, spDefine, if Ifb, ifdef, ifeq, ifge, ifgt, ifle Iflt, ifn, ifnb, ifndef, ifneq, include, undefPage Purpose of This Chapter Instruction Statement Fields Coding rules Label Longlabellonglabellonglabellonglab main Startcont Writing Label FieldCoding examples Start Mov Writing Operation FieldEqu Writing Operand Field One operandOperands are register and expression Jsr Set count value Writing Comment FieldMov 0x10, D0 Writing Machine Language Instruction Statements Writing Directive Statements List of directivesDocument conventions Below is a list of directives Default settings SectionSyntax Section linking rules Operand coding rules Directive coding rulesUsage example Main Jsr Current location counter value will be inherited AlignLabel Operation Operand Align Expression 0x01 Below is an example use of the align directive00000000 3 end LabelName end Below is an example use of the end directive Listoff, liston Label operation operand Name listoff Name listonListoff and liston directives themselves are output These directives take no operands Notation Label Operation Operand NotationClang will be selected Operand Format Below is an example use of the notation directive Notation 6 org SecadrSecfnc Org 0x20 Org 0x100 End 7 opt Opt on Opt off Below is an example use of the page directive Label Operation Operand Linesexpression ,columnsexpressionNumber of lines = Number of columns = Radix Label Operation Operand Radix ExpressionAnother radix Below is an example use of the radix directive 10 dc When expression2 is omitted, expression3 cannot be specified 11 ds Below is an example use of the ds directive PanaX Series MN1030 Cross Assembler Loc Object Line SourceDs0 1122 12 dw Section DATA, Public3930 Dw0 dw 12345 34127856 Dw1 dw 0x1234 13 dd Label Operation Operand Name Expression, expression78563412 Dd0 0x12345678 00000000 Dd0 Memory equ Motor equ Stop equ 0b00001000 Base equ 14 equLabel Operation Operand Name Equ Expression Equ 0x20 Equ 0b00001000Equ 0x1000 8020 Mov Global Label Operation Operand Name Global Name, name Below is an example use of the global directive External declarationExternal reference Mov 0x11, D0 Rts End 16 tit Label operation operand TitstringBelow is an example use of the tit directive Loc Object Line Source Tit Xlistoff, xliston Name Xlistoff XlistonXlistoff and xliston directives themselves are not output These directives take no operand Usage Examples, Optimization of function calls Directive Specification RulesFuncinfo Global 0func Call 0func Global 0func, funcFunc Movm D2, SP Add 0func Funcinfo Func, 8, D2 Ret Stack Assign Usage examplesAssign 0x01 00000000 8001 Mov Assign 0x02 00000002 8002 MovPage Writing Assembler Control Statements Common coding rules Symbols used in this chapter have the following meaningsContents of brackets may be omitted File Inclusion Path name is coded within filename 10.2.1 #include#include filename Data equ File to be assembled consists of the following statements#include Inc.h Main Mov Data, A0 0x34, D0 D0, A0 End Identifier Definement #define Replacementstring comment 10.3.1 #define#define Data Load Mov Data, D0 Main Mov Data, D0 Load End 10.3.2 #undef #undef identifierSource file that uses #undef is shown below #define Data1 0x11 Data2 0x22 #if Conditional AssemblyContents of brackets from #else on can be omitted Table below lists the conditional assembly directives These directives can be used only within macro definitions 10.4.1 #ifdef, #ifndef Syntax for #ifdef Syntax for #ifndef#ifdef Identifier #ifndef Block1 #else Block2 #endif #ifndef #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef #else Mov 0x03, D1 0x04, D1 #endif8001 Mov 0x01, D0 #else 0x02, D0 #endif #ifndef 10X Mov 0x03, D1 #else 10.4.2 #if, #ifn Syntax for #if Syntax for #ifn#ifn #if #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn #else Mov 0x03, D0 0x04, D0 #endifMov 0x01, D0 #else 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifn #ifneq 10.4.3 #ifeq, #ifneq#ifeq Compare Abc, abc Abc, acb M10 Compare Abc, abc 10+ #ifeq 8002 11+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifle 10.4.4 #iflt, #ifle#iflt M12 Dsize 12+ #iflt12X Mov 0x01, D0 12+ #else 8002 12+ Mov 0x02, D0 #endif 10.4.5 #ifgt, #ifge #ifgt#ifge #else Mov 0x01, D0 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge 8002 Mov 0x02, D0 #endif #ifge #ifnb 10.4.6 #ifb, #ifnb#ifb Debugon M14 Debug 14+ #ifb Debugon 14X Jsr Check Proc #else 00000000+14+ Jsr Proc 00000008 00F8FE04 #endif #undef M17 Debug Writing Macro Control Statements #include directive Macro definitions Macro Definitions macro, endm MacronameDummyparameter , dummyparameter Macrobody An example macro definition is shown below Up to10 dummy parameters can be specified Macro Calls and ExpansionMacroname Parameter , parameter Var1 Equ 0x10 Var2 Var1+2 Addadr Macro Adr Adr, A0 Endm Macro Operators Operator Description Text Section CODE,PUBLIC,1 Up to 30 symbols can be specified Local Symbol Declaration localMacroname macro parameter Local symbol , symbol Symbol An example using the local directive is shown below #endif Exitm Endm Forced Termination of Macro Expansion exitmParameter Test Purging Macro Definitions purge Purge macroname , macroname Rept Reptexpression block Assembled list file is shown below 11.9 irp IrpDummyparameter, parameter , parameter Block Irp Irpc IrpcDummyparameter, string Following example uses the irpc directive DATA, Public Writing Macro Control Statements Irpc List of Machine Language Instructions List of Machine Language Instructions Addressing Modes Register indirect addressing Register relative indirect addressing Absolute addressing Index addressing List of Machine Language Instructions 12.3.1 Data Move Instructions Move source to destination Mnemonic Description of operation Index Movhu Absolute Extend Sign Subtract with Borrow Arithmetic InstructionsADD with Carry Compare source with destination Logical Instructions Source with destinationOr source with destination EXCLUSIVE-OR source with destination Mnemonic Description of operation ASR Dm, Dn ASR imm8, DnASR Dn Mnemonic Description of operation LSR Dm, Dn Bit Manipulation Instructions Bit operations Bclr imm8,abs32 Branching Instructions Call Subroutine JMP label Unconditional BranchMnemonic Description of operation JMP An Conditional Branch Mnemonic Meaning Description of operation Conditional Branch for Loop ZF=1 If ZF = 0, execute next instructionZF=0 If ZF = 1, execute next instruction If ZF = 1 or NF != VF, execute next instruction User-Defined Instructions User Defined FunctionUDFnn Dm, Dn UDFnn imm, Dn Other Instructions Do nothing Error Messages Error Messages Assembler Errors Operand error Define symbol multiple definedDefine symbol not defined Illegal operand value Line of the source file exceed 65535 lines Not guaranteed operand by the instruction allocationSymbol name too long Error Messages Debug operand error Macro symbol is used recursivelyIllegal section name Illegal operand expression Error in configure file Too many argumentsCan’t find Funcinfo directive No optimizing information Fatal Error Messages Linker Errors Extra symbolname address aligned. address Filename Section not found. This file ignoredFilename Illegal sectionname attribute or align value Address overlay with Iram manager Bad option switch.string Multiply defined symbolUndefined symbol Filename Symbolname not defined with FUNCINFO. line lineno Extra symbolname used as normal symbol 3313 Filename Invalid symbol detail information type.type No memory spaceFileneme Cannot open file Filename Cannot read file Filename Referring to symbolname defined in a programID=id Internal Error.stringFilename Illegal relocation information.line lineno Filename Illegal optimize information.line lineno Error Messages Linker Errors Readinig List Files Reading List Files Reading List Files Output Format of Machine Language Code Location LocMachine language code Object Machine language code supplemental information Supplemental information Source statement Source Version Symbol Table Symbol ValueSymbol Type Symbols value is shown as eight hexadecimal digits Symbol Name Using Library Manager Using Library Manager Starting Library Manager Slib103 test.lib -f -j test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Je test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -Js test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Rules os use Slig103 test.lib -f -Jj test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -f -e test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -W4001 -o test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -Wall -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Create a new library file Slib103 test.lib -c test1.rfSlib103 test.lib -c test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Name Force creation of a library file Slib103 test.lib -f test1.rfSlib103 test.lib -f test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf test4.rf Files with the same name Functional Options Slib103 test.lib -a test.1.rfSlib103 test.lib -a test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Path name will be added in the library file Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -d test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -p Slib103 test.lib -p test1.rf slib103 test.lib -p File Slib103 test.lib -r test1.rfSlib103 Test.lib -r test1.rf test2.rf test3.rf Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf Slib103 test.lib -t test1.rf slib103 test.lib -t Existing in the current directory Slib103 test.lib -x test1.rfSlib103 test.lib -x test1.rf slib103 test.lib Assume that the file pfile contains the following line There is no default specificationSlib103 @pfile Default is not to display the version number Slib103 -hDisplay the library manager’s version number on the console Slib103 Cause Solutions Error MessagesErrornumber Displayedmessage 4003 Filename not found. In addition to library 4002 This file has no public symbol information.filename4001 Filename not found 4310 This file has redefined public symbol. filename 4312 Symbol name length over. max 66. symbol4301 Multiply specified object file name.filename 4302 Premature EOF. filename 4315 Not warning message number 4313 Parameter-file already specified. filename4314 Cannot read parameter-file. filename 4504 Memory allocation error 4501 Illegal option. string4502 Library file name not found 4503 Multiply specified library file name. filenamePage Purpose of This Chapter Personal Computer Versions Operating Environment PC/ATWindows98/2000/Me/XP DOS/VWindows98/2000/Me/XP Files AS103.EXE AssemblerLD103.EXE linker SLIB103.EXE library manager Installation Environment Settings SET PATH=A\usr\local\bin New setting will then automatically take effect Command line differences Differences From Workstation Versions Contents of the generated error file Error are as follows Error Correction Using Tag JumpsGenerate error file Fix errors Contents of the file Error will be displayed on the screenFirst error message matches this display on the screen Tag jumps Return to error file MAIN.ASM7 Error 2306 Multiple define symbol Appendix Numeric Restrictions List of Command Options Output file options List of Assembler Command OptionsAssembler command general format Program generation options Error message optionsPreprocessor options Others Display the assembler’s version number on the console List of Linker Command Options Linker command general format Library file options Instruction RAM options Display the linker’s version number on the console Ld103 @ pfileDisplay help information on the console Directives for symbols List of Assembler DirectivesDirectives for program control Syntax Function & Notes Directives for data area allocation Directives for list control Clang Extended C language format default Other directivesIntel Intel format Pana Matsushita format List of Assembler Control Statements This section provides a list of assembler control statements Syntax Function & Notes Symbols Libraryfilename 103 Pathname 104 Label Field 148 Machine language code supplemental informationMacro 207 Macroname 207 Undefined 142 173 Number Wall 313 289 Xlistoff 176 Xliston Index MN1030 Series Cross Assembler User’s Manual Sales Offices