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Models:
20ES
20ET
22ES
22ET 8719ES
MODEL 8719ET
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3-29
Making Time Domain Measurements
Windowing
Figure
3-23
The Effects of Windowing on the Time Domain Responses of a Short
Circuit (Real Format)
Contents
Main
Users Guide
Notice
Certification
Regulatory Information
Warranty
Assistance
Safety Notes
How to Use This Guide
Documentation Map
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Making a Basic Measurement
Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment.
Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters.
Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction.
Step 4. Measure the device under test.
Step 5. Output the measurement results.
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response
Measuring the Magnitude Response
Measuring Insertion Phase Response
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Using Display Functions
Titling the Active Channel Display
Viewing Both Primary Measurement Channels
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Viewing Four Measurement Channels
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Customizing the Four-Channel Display
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Using Memory Traces and Memory Math Functions
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Blanking the Display
Adjusting the Colors of the Display
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Using Markers
To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers
To Activate Display Markers
To Move Marker Information Off the Grids
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To Use Delta () Markers
To Activate a Fixed Marker
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To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers
To Use Polar Format Markers
To Use Smith Chart Markers
To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers
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Setting the CW Frequency
To Search for a Specific Amplitude
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To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion
Measuring Electrical Length
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Measuring Phase Distortion
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Characterizing a Duplexer (ES Analyzers Only)
Definitions
Procedure
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Measuring Amplifiers
Measuring Gain Compression
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Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously
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Making High Power Measurements with Option 085
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Making High Power Measurements with Option 012
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Using the Swept List Mode to Test a Device
Connect the Device Under Test
Observe the Characteristics of the Filter
Choose the Measurement Parameters
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Calibrate and Measure
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Using Limit Lines to Test a Device
Setting Up the Measurement Parameters
Creating Flat Limit Lines
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Creating a Sloping Limit Line
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Creating Single Point Limits
Editing Limit Segments
Running a Limit Test
Offsetting Limit Lines
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Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device
Setting Up the List of Ripple Limits to Test
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Editing Ripple Test Limits
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Running the Ripple Test
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Using Bandwidth Limits to Test a Bandpass Filter
Setting Up Bandwidth Limits
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Running a Bandwidth Test
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Using Test Sequencing
How to Use Test Sequencing
Creating a Sequence
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Running a Sequence
Stopping a Sequence
Editing a Sequence
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Clearing a Sequence from Memory
Changing the Sequence Title
Naming Files Generated by a Sequence
Storing a Sequence on a Disk
Loading a Sequence from Disk
Purging a Sequence from Disk
Printing a Sequence
In-Depth Sequencing Information
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1-111
Making Measurements Using Test Sequencing
Table1-5 Test Set Interconnect Pin Designation
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Using Test Sequencing to Test a Device
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences
Loop Counter Example Sequence
Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence
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Limit Test Example Sequence
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Mixer Measurement Capabilities
Measurement Considerations
Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches
Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals
How RF and IF Are Defined
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Frequency Offset Mode Operation
LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability
Differences Between Internal and External R Channel Inputs
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Power Meter Calibration
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode
Setting Measurement Parameters for the Power Meter Calibration
Performing a Power Meter (Source) Calibration Over the RF Range
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Setting the Analyzer to Make an R Channel Measurement
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High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss
Set Measurement Parameters for the IF Range
Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the IF Range
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Perform a Receiver Calibration Over the IF Range
Set the Analyzer to the RF Frequency Range
Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the RF Range
Perform the High Dynamic Range Measurement
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Fixed IF Mixer Measurements
Tuned Receiver Mode
Sequence 1 Setup
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Sequence 2 Setup
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Phase or Group Delay Measurements
Phase Measurements
Phase Linearity and Group Delay
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Amplitude and Phase Tracking
Conversion Comp ression Using th e Frequency Offs et Mode
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Isolation Example Measurements
LO to RF Isolation
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RF Feedthrough
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SWR / Return Loss
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Introduction to Time Domain Measurements
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Making Transmission Response Measurements
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Making Reflection Response Measurements
Velocity Factor 1
--------=
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Time Domain Bandpass Mode
Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor
Reflection Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
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Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode
Time Domain Low Pass Mode
Setting the Frequency Range for Time Domain Low Pass
Reflection Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
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Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass
Transmission Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass
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Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain
Forward Transform Measurements
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Masking
Windowing
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Range
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Resolution
Response Resolution
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Range Resolution
Gating
Setting the Gate
Selecting Gate Shape
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Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results
Configuring a Print Function
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Defining a Print Function
If You Are Using a Color Printer
To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values
1. Press . Table 4-1 Default Values for Printing Paramet ers
Printing One Measurement Per Page
Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page
Configuring a Plot Function
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer
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If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter
If You Are Plotting Measurement Results to a Disk Drive
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Defining a Plot Function
Choosing Display Elements
Selecting Auto-Feed
Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors
Selecting Line Types
Choosing Scale
Choosing Plot Speed
To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values
Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer
To View Plot Files on a PC
Using Ami Pro
Using Freelance
Converting HPGL Files for Use with Other PC Applications
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer
Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence.
Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer
Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk
To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page
To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants
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Titling the Displayed Measurement
Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp
Aborting a Print or Plot Process
Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Param eter s
If You Want a Single Page of Values
If You Want the Entire List of Values
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting
Saving and Recalling Instrument States
Places Where You Can Save
What You Can Save to the Analyzers Internal Memory
What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk
What You Can Save to a Computer
Saving an Instrument State
Saving Measurement Results
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ASCII Data Formats
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Saving in Textual (CSV) Form
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Saving in Graphical (JPEG) Form
Instrument State Files
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Saving Time Gated Frequency Data
Differences between Raw, Data, and Format Arrays
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Re-Saving an Instrument State
Deleting a File
To Delete an Instrument State File
To Delete all Files
Renaming a File
Recalling a File
Formatting a Disk
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files
If You Are Using an External Disk Drive
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Taking Care of Microwave Connectors
Increasing Measurement Accuracy
Interconnecting Cables
Improper Calibration Techniques
Sweeping Too Fast for Electrically Long Devices
Connector Repeatability
Temperature Drift
Frequency Drift
Performance Verification
Reference Plane and Port Extensions
You can activate a port extension by pressing . Then enter the delay to the reference plane.
Table5-2 Differences between PORT EXTENSIONS and ELECTRICAL DELAY
Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace
Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices
The Cause of Measurement Problems
To Improve Measurement Results
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Increasing Sweep Speed
To Use Swept List Mode
To Decrease the Frequency Span
To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode
To Widen the System Bandwidth
To Reduce the Averaging Factor
To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points
To Set the Sweep Type
To View a Single Measurement Channel
To Activate Chop Sweep Mode
To Use External Calibration
To Use Fast 2-Port Calibration (ES Analyzers Only)
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Increasing Dynamic Range
Increase the Test Port Input Power
Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor
Reduce the Receiver Crosstalk
Reducing Noise
To Activate Averaging
To Change System Bandwidth
To Use Direct Sampler Access Configurations (Option 012 Only)
Reducing Receiver Crosstalk
Reducing Recall Time
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How to Use This Chapter
Introduction
Calibration Considera tio ns
Measurement Parameters
Device Measurements
Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex
Omitting Isolation Calibration
Saving Calibration Data
Restarting a Calibration
The Calibration Standards
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards
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6-8
Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy Calibration Considerations
CORRECTION on OFF
Figure 6-1 Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Calibration
Interpolated Error Correction
7mmor Type-N Male Short(No Offset)
7mmor Type-N Male Open(No Offset) with Fringing Capacitance
Type-NFemale, 3.5mmMale or Female Offset Short
Type-NFemale 3.5mm Male or Female Offset Open
Error-Correction Stimulus State
Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements
Types of Error Correction
NOTE Response calibration is not as accurate as other calibration methods.
Table6-2 Purpose and Use of Different Error Correction Procedures
Frequency Response Error Corrections
Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
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Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
Receiver Calibration
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Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections
Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements
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Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements
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Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction
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Enhanced Reflection Calibration
One-Port Reflection Error Correction
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Full Two-Port Error Correction (ES Analyzer s Only)
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Power Meter Measurement Calibration
Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data
Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response
Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode
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Using Continuous Correction Mode
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Calibrating for Noninsert able Devices
Adapter Removal Calibration (ES Analyzers Only)
Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections
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Verify the Results
Matched Adapters
Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition
Minimizing Error When Using Adapters
Making Non-Coaxial Measurements
Fixtures
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Calibrating for Non-Coaxial Devices (ES Analyzers Only)
TRL Error Correction
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LRM Error Correction
Create a User-Defined LRM Calibration Kit
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Calibrating Using Electronic Calibration (ECal)
Set Up the Measurement
Connect the ECal Equipment
Select the ECal Options
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Perform the Calibration
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Display the Module Information
Perform the Confidence Check
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Investigating the Calibration Results Using the ECal Service Menu
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Adapter Removal Using ECal (ES Analyzers Only)
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Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections
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Determine the Electrical Delay
Remove the Adapter
Verify the Results
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Where to Find More Information
System Operation
The Built-In Synthesized Source
The Built-In Test Set
The Receiver Block
The Microprocessor
Required Peripheral Equipment
Processing
Processing Details
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Output Power
Understanding the Power Ranges
Power Coupling Options
Sweep Time
Manual Sweep Time Mode
Auto Sweep Time Mode
Minimum Sweep Time
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Source Attenuator Switch Protection
Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator
Channel Stimulus Coupling
Sweep Types
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz)
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz)
Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
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Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz)
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Power Sweep (dBm)
CW Time Sweep (Seconds)
Selecting Sweep Modes
S-Parameters
Understanding S-Parameters
Figure 7-3 S-Parameters of a Two-Port Device
The S-Parameter Menu
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Analyzer Display Formats
Log Magnitude Format
Phase Format
Group Delay Format
Smith Chart Format
Polar Format
Linear Magnitude Format
SWR Format
Real Format
Imaginary Format
Group Delay Principles
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Electrical Delay
Length meters() Freq MHz()1.20083
--------=
()
--------------------------------- ----------------------------------=
Noise Reduction Techniques
Averaging
Smoothing
IF Bandwidth Reduction
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Measurement Calibration
What Is Accuracy Enhancement?
What Causes Measurement Errors?
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Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors
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How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement?
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Calibration Routin es
Response Calibration
Response and Isolation Calibration
Enhanced Response Calibration
S11 and S22 One-Port Calibration
Full Two-Port Calibration (ES Models Only)
TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration
E-CAL
Modifying Calibration Kits
Definitions
Procedure
Modify Calibration Kit Menu
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Verify Performance
Saving Modified Calibration Kits to a Disk
Modifying and Saving a Calibration Kit from the Calibration Kit Selection Menu
TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only)
Why Use TRL Calibration?
TRL Terminology
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works
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Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match for TRL*/LRM* Calibration
How True TRL/LRM Works (Option 400 Only)
The TRL Calibration Procedure
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GPIB Operation
Key
GPIB STATUS Indicators
System Controller Mode
Talker/Listener Mode
Pass Control Mode
Address Menu
Using the Parallel Port
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Limit Line Operation
Edit Limits Menu
Edit Segment Menu
Offset Limits Menu
Knowing the Instrument Modes
Network Analyzer Mode
Tuned Receiver Mode
Frequency Offset Operation (Option 089)
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General Information
8-3
Safety and Regulatory Information General Information
Table 8-1 Contacting Agilent
Asia Call Center Numbers
Safety Symbols
Instrument Markings
Safety Considerations
Safety Earth Ground
Before Applying Power
Servicing
General
