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Agilent Technologies - page 295

Models: 20ES 20ET 22ES 22ET 8719ES MODEL 8719ET

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6Calibrating for Increased

Measurement Accuracy

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Main Users Guide Notice Certification Regulatory Information Warranty Assistance Safety Notes How to Use This Guide Documentation Map Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Making a Basic Measurement Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment. Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters. Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction. Step 4. Measure the device under test. Step 5. Output the measurement results. Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response Measuring the Magnitude Response Measuring Insertion Phase Response Page Using Display Functions Titling the Active Channel Display Viewing Both Primary Measurement Channels Page Viewing Four Measurement Channels Page Page Customizing the Four-Channel Display Page Using Memory Traces and Memory Math Functions Page Blanking the Display Adjusting the Colors of the Display Page Using Markers To Use Continuous and Discrete Markers To Activate Display Markers To Move Marker Information Off the Grids Page To Use Delta () Markers To Activate a Fixed Marker Page To Couple and Uncouple Display Markers To Use Polar Format Markers To Use Smith Chart Markers To Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers Page Page Page Setting the CW Frequency To Search for a Specific Amplitude Page Page To Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion Measuring Electrical Length Page Measuring Phase Distortion Page Page Page Characterizing a Duplexer (ES Analyzers Only) Definitions Procedure Page Page Measuring Amplifiers Measuring Gain Compression Page Page Page Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously Page Making High Power Measurements with Option 085 Page Page Page Page Page Making High Power Measurements with Option 012 Page Using the Swept List Mode to Test a Device Connect the Device Under Test Observe the Characteristics of the Filter Choose the Measurement Parameters Page Calibrate and Measure Page Using Limit Lines to Test a Device Setting Up the Measurement Parameters Creating Flat Limit Lines Page Creating a Sloping Limit Line Page Creating Single Point Limits Editing Limit Segments Running a Limit Test Offsetting Limit Lines Page Using Ripple Limits to Test a Device Setting Up the List of Ripple Limits to Test Page Page Editing Ripple Test Limits Page Running the Ripple Test Page Page Page Page Page Using Bandwidth Limits to Test a Bandpass Filter Setting Up Bandwidth Limits Page Running a Bandwidth Test Page Page Page Using Test Sequencing How to Use Test Sequencing Creating a Sequence Page Running a Sequence Stopping a Sequence Editing a Sequence Page Clearing a Sequence from Memory Changing the Sequence Title Naming Files Generated by a Sequence Storing a Sequence on a Disk Loading a Sequence from Disk Purging a Sequence from Disk Printing a Sequence In-Depth Sequencing Information Page Page Page Page Page 1-111 Making Measurements Using Test Sequencing Table1-5 Test Set Interconnect Pin Designation Page Page Using Test Sequencing to Test a Device Cascading Multiple Example Sequences Loop Counter Example Sequence Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence Page Limit Test Example Sequence Page Page Page Page Mixer Measurement Capabilities Measurement Considerations Minimizing Source and Load Mismatches Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals How RF and IF Are Defined Page Frequency Offset Mode Operation LO Frequency Accuracy and Stability Differences Between Internal and External R Channel Inputs Page Power Meter Calibration Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode Setting Measurement Parameters for the Power Meter Calibration Performing a Power Meter (Source) Calibration Over the RF Range Page Setting the Analyzer to Make an R Channel Measurement Page Page High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss Set Measurement Parameters for the IF Range Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the IF Range Page Perform a Receiver Calibration Over the IF Range Set the Analyzer to the RF Frequency Range Perform a Power Meter Calibration Over the RF Range Perform the High Dynamic Range Measurement Page Page Fixed IF Mixer Measurements Tuned Receiver Mode Sequence 1 Setup Page Page Page Page Sequence 2 Setup Page Page Phase or Group Delay Measurements Phase Measurements Phase Linearity and Group Delay Page Page Page Amplitude and Phase Tracking Conversion Comp ression Using th e Frequency Offs et Mode Page Page Page Page Isolation Example Measurements LO to RF Isolation Page RF Feedthrough Page Page SWR / Return Loss Page Page Introduction to Time Domain Measurements Page Making Transmission Response Measurements Page Page Page Making Reflection Response Measurements Velocity Factor 1 --------= Page Time Domain Bandpass Mode Adjusting the Relative Velocity Factor Reflection Measurements Using Bandpass Mode Page Transmission Measurements Using Bandpass Mode Time Domain Low Pass Mode Setting the Frequency Range for Time Domain Low Pass Reflection Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass Page Fault Location Measurements Using Low Pass Transmission Measurements in Time Domain Low Pass Page Page Transforming CW Time Measurements into the Frequency Domain Forward Transform Measurements Page Page Page Masking Windowing Page Page Range Page Resolution Response Resolution Page Range Resolution Gating Setting the Gate Selecting Gate Shape Page Page Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results Configuring a Print Function Page Defining a Print Function If You Are Using a Color Printer To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values 1. Press . Table 4-1 Default Values for Printing Paramet ers Printing One Measurement Per Page Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page Configuring a Plot Function If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer Page If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter If You Are Plotting Measurement Results to a Disk Drive Page Defining a Plot Function Choosing Display Elements Selecting Auto-Feed Selecting Pen Numbers and Colors Selecting Line Types Choosing Scale Choosing Plot Speed To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer To View Plot Files on a PC Using Ami Pro Using Freelance Converting HPGL Files for Use with Other PC Applications Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence. Outputting Single Page Plots Using a Printer Outputting Multiple Plots to a Single Page Using a Printer Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk To Plot Multiple Measurements on a Full Page To Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants Page Titling the Displayed Measurement Configuring the Analyzer to Produce a Time Stamp Aborting a Print or Plot Process Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Param eter s If You Want a Single Page of Values If You Want the Entire List of Values Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting Saving and Recalling Instrument States Places Where You Can Save What You Can Save to the Analyzers Internal Memory What You Can Save to a Floppy Disk What You Can Save to a Computer Saving an Instrument State Saving Measurement Results Page ASCII Data Formats Page Page Saving in Textual (CSV) Form Page Saving in Graphical (JPEG) Form Instrument State Files Page Saving Time Gated Frequency Data Differences between Raw, Data, and Format Arrays Page Re-Saving an Instrument State Deleting a File To Delete an Instrument State File To Delete all Files Renaming a File Recalling a File Formatting a Disk Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files If You Are Using an External Disk Drive Page Page Page Taking Care of Microwave Connectors Increasing Measurement Accuracy Interconnecting Cables Improper Calibration Techniques Sweeping Too Fast for Electrically Long Devices Connector Repeatability Temperature Drift Frequency Drift Performance Verification Reference Plane and Port Extensions You can activate a port extension by pressing . Then enter the delay to the reference plane. Table5-2 Differences between PORT EXTENSIONS and ELECTRICAL DELAY Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices The Cause of Measurement Problems To Improve Measurement Results Page Increasing Sweep Speed To Use Swept List Mode To Decrease the Frequency Span To Set the Auto Sweep Time Mode To Widen the System Bandwidth To Reduce the Averaging Factor To Reduce the Number of Measurement Points To Set the Sweep Type To View a Single Measurement Channel To Activate Chop Sweep Mode To Use External Calibration To Use Fast 2-Port Calibration (ES Analyzers Only) Page Increasing Dynamic Range Increase the Test Port Input Power Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor Reduce the Receiver Crosstalk Reducing Noise To Activate Averaging To Change System Bandwidth To Use Direct Sampler Access Configurations (Option 012 Only) Reducing Receiver Crosstalk Reducing Recall Time Page How to Use This Chapter Introduction Calibration Considera tio ns Measurement Parameters Device Measurements Clarifying Type-N Connector Sex Omitting Isolation Calibration Saving Calibration Data Restarting a Calibration The Calibration Standards Frequency Response of Calibration Standards Page 6-8 Calibrating for Increased Measurement Accuracy Calibration Considerations CORRECTION on OFF Figure 6-1 Typical Responses of Calibration Standards after Calibration Interpolated Error Correction 7mmor Type-N Male Short(No Offset) 7mmor Type-N Male Open(No Offset) with Fringing Capacitance Type-NFemale, 3.5mmMale or Female Offset Short Type-NFemale 3.5mm Male or Female Offset Open Error-Correction Stimulus State Procedures for Error Correcting Your Measurements Types of Error Correction NOTE Response calibration is not as accurate as other calibration methods. Table6-2 Purpose and Use of Different Error Correction Procedures Frequency Response Error Corrections Response Error Correction for Reflection Measurements Page Response Error Correction for Transmission Measurements Receiver Calibration Page Frequency Response and Isolation Error Corrections Response and Isolation Error Correction for Transmission Measurements Page Response and Isolation Error Correction for Reflection Measurements Page Page Enhanced Frequency Response Error Correction Page Page Enhanced Reflection Calibration One-Port Reflection Error Correction Page Page Full Two-Port Error Correction (ES Analyzer s Only) Page Page Page Power Meter Measurement Calibration Loss of Power Meter Calibration Data Interpolation in Power Meter Calibration Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data Compensating for Directional Coupler Response Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode Page Using Continuous Correction Mode Page Calibrating for Noninsert able Devices Adapter Removal Calibration (ES Analyzers Only) Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections Page Page Verify the Results Matched Adapters Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition Minimizing Error When Using Adapters Making Non-Coaxial Measurements Fixtures Page Calibrating for Non-Coaxial Devices (ES Analyzers Only) TRL Error Correction Page Page Page LRM Error Correction Create a User-Defined LRM Calibration Kit Page Page Page Calibrating Using Electronic Calibration (ECal) Set Up the Measurement Connect the ECal Equipment Select the ECal Options Page Perform the Calibration Page Display the Module Information Perform the Confidence Check Page Investigating the Calibration Results Using the ECal Service Menu Page Adapter Removal Using ECal (ES Analyzers Only) Page Perform the 2-Port Error Corrections Page Determine the Electrical Delay Remove the Adapter Verify the Results Page Page Where to Find More Information System Operation The Built-In Synthesized Source The Built-In Test Set The Receiver Block The Microprocessor Required Peripheral Equipment Processing Processing Details Page Page Output Power Understanding the Power Ranges Power Coupling Options Sweep Time Manual Sweep Time Mode Auto Sweep Time Mode Minimum Sweep Time Page Source Attenuator Switch Protection Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator Channel Stimulus Coupling Sweep Types Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz) Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz) Stepped List Frequency Sweep (Hz) Page Swept List Frequency Sweep (Hz) Page Power Sweep (dBm) CW Time Sweep (Seconds) Selecting Sweep Modes S-Parameters Understanding S-Parameters Figure 7-3 S-Parameters of a Two-Port Device The S-Parameter Menu Page Analyzer Display Formats Log Magnitude Format Phase Format Group Delay Format Smith Chart Format Polar Format Linear Magnitude Format SWR Format Real Format Imaginary Format Group Delay Principles Page Page Page Electrical Delay Length meters() Freq MHz()1.20083 --------= () --------------------------------- ----------------------------------= Noise Reduction Techniques Averaging Smoothing IF Bandwidth Reduction Page Measurement Calibration What Is Accuracy Enhancement? What Causes Measurement Errors? Page Page Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement? Page Page Calibration Routin es Response Calibration Response and Isolation Calibration Enhanced Response Calibration S11 and S22 One-Port Calibration Full Two-Port Calibration (ES Models Only) TRL*/LRM* Two-Port Calibration E-CAL Modifying Calibration Kits Definitions Procedure Modify Calibration Kit Menu Page Page Page Page Page Page Verify Performance Saving Modified Calibration Kits to a Disk Modifying and Saving a Calibration Kit from the Calibration Kit Selection Menu TRL*/LRM* Calibration (ES Models Only) Why Use TRL Calibration? TRL Terminology How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works Page Page Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match for TRL*/LRM* Calibration How True TRL/LRM Works (Option 400 Only) The TRL Calibration Procedure Page Page Page Page Page GPIB Operation Key GPIB STATUS Indicators System Controller Mode Talker/Listener Mode Pass Control Mode Address Menu Using the Parallel Port Page Limit Line Operation Edit Limits Menu Edit Segment Menu Offset Limits Menu Knowing the Instrument Modes Network Analyzer Mode Tuned Receiver Mode Frequency Offset Operation (Option 089) Page Page General Information 8-3 Safety and Regulatory Information General Information Table 8-1 Contacting Agilent Asia Call Center Numbers Safety Symbols Instrument Markings Safety Considerations Safety Earth Ground Before Applying Power Servicing General