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Netopia R910 manual User’s Reference Guide, HOW NAT WORKS With NAT ISP 163.167.132.1 Without NAT

Models: R910

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Network Address Translation works by remapping the source IP address of trafﬁc from the LAN to a single static or dynamically assigned IP address shown to the remote side of the router.

HOW NAT WORKS

With NAT

ISP*

163.167.132.1

Without NAT

163.167.132.1 163.167.132.2 163.167.132.3 163.167.132.4 163.167.132.5 163.167.132.6

*or corporate intranet router

192.168.1.100

192.168.1.102

192.168.1.103

192.168.1.104

192.168.1.105

192.168.1.106

163.167.132.1 163.167.132.2 163.167.132.3

163.167.132.4 163.167.132.5 163.167.132.6

When NAT is enabled, the Netopia R910 can use either a statically assigned IP address or one dynamically assigned each time the router connects to the ISP. While a dynamically assigned IP address offers the ISP more ﬂexibility, it does have an important limitation: the router requires a static IP address to support Web, FTP, or other services available to the WAN. To support these services with NAT enabled, a service can be associated with only one machine on the LAN.

When connected to the Internet or some other large network using Network Address Translation, the individual machines on your LAN are not directly accessible from the WAN. NAT provides an inherently secure method of connection to the outside world.

Image 52

Netopia R910 User’s Reference Guide, HOW NAT WORKS With NAT ISP 163.167.132.1 Without NAT, or corporate intranet router

Contents

Netopia R910 Ethernet Router for DSL and Cable Modems User’s Reference GuidePart Number CopyrightPrinted Copies Contents Features and capabilitiesHow to use this guide Chapter 2 - Setting Up Internet ServicesConnecting a console cable to your router Chapter 7 - Easy SetupEasy Setup console screens Accessing the Easy Setup console screensDHCP NetBIOS Options VPN Default Answer ProﬁleInstalling Dial-Up Networking Installing the VPN ClientThe SNMP Setup screen Telnet accessChapter 12 - Monitoring Tools 12-109Chapter 14 - Utilities and Diagnostics Factory defaultsAppendix A - Troubleshooting Conﬁguration problemsUsing address serving Exported servicesAppendix F - Technical Speciﬁcations and Safety Power requirementsFeatures and capabilities “Features and capabilities” on page “How to use this guide” on pageChapter Introduction OverviewHow to use this guide 1-10 User’s Reference GuideChapter Setting Up Internet Services Setting Up Internet ServicesDeciding on an ISP account DSL and cable modemsLocal LAN IP address information to obtain 2-12 User’s Reference GuideWith Network Address Translation Without Network Address Translation“Identify the connectors and attach the cables” on page Chapter Making the Physical ConnectionsFind a location Making the Physical ConnectionsWhat you need Identify the connectors and attach the cables3-14 User’s Reference Guide your router” on page Netopia R910 Ethernet Router back panel portsMaking the Physical Connections 3-16 User’s Reference Guide Netopia R910 Ethernet Router status lights8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 Chapter Connecting to Your Local Area Network Connecting to Your Local Area Network“Connecting to an Ethernet network” on page Network Model4-18 User’s Reference Guide Readying computers on your local networkAfter Connecting to Your Local Area Network Application software TCP/IP stack Ethernet/EtherTalk Driver Your PC10Base-T Connecting to an Ethernet network4-20 User’s Reference Guide The Netopia R910 in a 10Base-T network Connecting to Your Local Area NetworkThe Netopia R910 in a 10Base-T network with a hub 4-22 User’s Reference Guide Chapter Configuring TCP/IP Hardware and operating system requirementsConﬁguring TCP/IP “Hardware and operating system requirements” on page5-24 User’s Reference Guide Conﬁguring TCP/IP on Windows 95 orDynamic conﬁguration recommended Static conﬁguration optional Conﬁguring TCP/IP5-26 User’s Reference Guide Conﬁguring TCP/IP on a Macintosh ComputerDynamic conﬁguration recommended Static conﬁguration optional Conﬁguring TCP/IP1. Go to the Apple menu. Select Dynamic conﬁguration using MacIP optional 5-28 User’s Reference GuideConﬁguring TCP/IP 5-30 User’s Reference Guide “Connecting through a Telnet session” on page “Connecting a console cable to your router” on pageChapter Console-Based Management Console-Based ManagementConnecting through a Telnet session Upgrade feature set. See “Upgrade feature set” on page6-32 User’s Reference Guide Filter sets ﬁrewalls. See “About ﬁlters and ﬁlter sets” on pageConﬁguring Telnet software Connecting a console cable to your routerConsole-Based Management Navigating through the console screens 6-34 User’s Reference GuideChapter Easy Setup Easy Setup console screensAccessing the Easy Setup console screens Easy SetupSee Appendix A, “Troubleshooting,” for more suggestions 7-36 User’s Reference GuideQuick Easy Setup connection path If your ISP supports DHCPIf your ISP doesn’t support DHCP Easy SetupFor more Easy Setup options see “More Easy Setup options” on page 7-38 User’s Reference GuideWAN Ethernet Conﬁguration More Easy Setup optionsEasy Setup IP Easy Setup 7-40 User’s Reference GuideEasy Setup Security Conﬁguration Easy SetupEasy Setup is now complete 7-42 User’s Reference Guide1. Select RESTART DEVICE. A prompt asks you to conﬁrm your choice Chapter WAN and System Configuration “System conﬁguration features” on pageWAN conﬁguration WAN and System ConﬁgurationSystem conﬁguration screens 8-44 User’s Reference GuideNavigating through the system conﬁguration screens WAN and System ConﬁgurationSystem conﬁguration features 8-46 User’s Reference GuideIP setup Filter sets ﬁrewallsIP address serving Date and timeUpgrade feature set Console conﬁgurationSNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SecurityLogging WAN and System ConﬁgurationInstalling the Syslog client 8-50 User’s Reference GuideChapter IP Setup and Network Address Translation Network Address Translation featuresIP Setup and Network Address Translation “Network Address Translation features” on page9-52 User’s Reference Guide HOW NAT WORKS With NAT ISP 163.167.132.1 Without NATor corporate intranet router 192.168.1.100 192.168.1.102 192.168.1.103 192.168.1.104 192.168.1.105Note See “Associating port numbers with nodes” on page Using Network Address TranslationIP Setup and Network Address Translation 9-54 User’s Reference Guide Network Address Translation guideline Associating port numbers with nodesIP Setup and Network Address Translation 9-56 User’s Reference Guide IP setupIP Setup and Network Address Translation 9-58 User’s Reference Guide Select Add Export. The Add Exported Service screen appearsCANCEL Exports, Add Export, and Delete ExportIP Setup and Network Address Translation Select Service. A pop-up menu of services and ports appearsIP subnets 9-60 User’s Reference GuideIP Setup and Network Address Translation For example9-62 User’s Reference Guide Static routespage Viewing static routes IP Setup and Network Address Translation9-64 User’s Reference Guide Adding a static routeRules of static route installation Modifying a static routeDeleting a static route IP Setup and Network Address TranslationServe DHCP Clients Serve BootP Clients Serve Dynamic WAN Clients 9-66 User’s Reference GuideIP address serving IP Setup and Network Address Translation Follow these steps to conﬁgure IP Address ServingIP Address Pools 9-68 User’s Reference GuideIP Setup and Network Address Translation Numerous factors inﬂuence the choice of served address. It is difﬁcult to specify the address that will be served to a particular client in all circumstances. However, when the address server has been conﬁgured, and the clients involved have no prior address serving interactions, the Netopia R910 will generally serve the ﬁrst unused address from the ﬁrst address pool with an available address. The Netopia R910 starts from the pool on the ﬁrst row and continues to the pool on the last row of this screenDHCP NetBIOS Options 9-70 User’s Reference GuideIP Setup and Network Address Translation Select Release BootP Leases and press Return 9-72 User’s Reference GuideYou have ﬁnished your IP setup “VPN Default Answer Proﬁle” on page “VPN QuickView” on page “Installing the VPN Client” on page “About ATMP Tunnels” on pageChapter Virtual Private Networks VPN Virtual Private Networks VPN10-74 User’s Reference Guide Transi t In t ern etwor k“About PPTP Tunnels” on page “About IPsec Tunnels” on page “About ATMP Tunnels” on pageSummary Virtual Private Networks VPNAbout PPTP Tunnels PPTP configuration10-76 User’s Reference Guide Note Proﬁles using PPTP do not offer a Telco Options screen Virtual Private Networks VPN10-78 User’s Reference Guide MS-CHAP V2 and strong encryption Encryption SupportVirtual Private Networks VPN About IPsec Tunnels Configuration10-80 User’s Reference Guide Virtual Private Networks VPN The Add Connection Proﬁle screen appears10-82 User’s Reference Guide IP Profile Parameters Virtual Private Networks VPNAdvanced IP Profile Options 10-84 User’s Reference GuideVPN Default Answer Profile Virtual Private Networks VPNVPN QuickView Interoperation with other features10-86 User’s Reference Guide Virtual Private Networks VPN Proﬁle Name Lists the name of the Connection Proﬁle being used, if anyDial-Up Networking for VPN Installing Dial-Up Networking10-88 User’s Reference Guide Creating a new Dial-Up Networking profile Virtual Private Networks VPNConfiguring a Dial-Up Networking profile 10-90 User’s Reference Guide4. Click the TCP/IP Settings button Virtual Private Networks VPNInstalling the VPN Client Windows 95 VPN installationWindows 98 VPN installation 10-92 User’s Reference GuideConnecting using Dial-Up Networking Virtual Private Networks VPNAbout ATMP Tunnels ATMP configuration10-94 User’s Reference Guide Note Proﬁles using ATMP do not offer a Telco Options screen Virtual Private Networks VPN10-96 User’s Reference Guide Virtual Private Networks VPN 10-98 User’s Reference Guide Allowing VPNs through a Firewall“PPTP example” on page “ATMP example” on page Virtual Private Networks VPN PPTP exampleDisplay/Change Input Filter screen 10-100 User’s Reference Guide Virtual Private Networks VPN 0.0.0.00.0.0.0 0.0.0.0ATMP example 10-102 User’s Reference GuideVirtual Private Networks VPN 10-104 User’s Reference Guide 0.0.0.00.0.0.0 0.0.0.0Chapter PPP over Ethernet PPP over Ethernet11-106 User’s Reference Guide PPP Ethernet LAN Reconfiguration ConfigurationThe Netopia R910 offers the ability for PPP to reconﬁgure the router’s Ethernet LAN when establishing an unnumbered, non-NAT connection PPP over EthernetQuick View 11-108 User’s Reference GuideChapter Monitoring Tools Quick View status overviewMonitoring Tools “Quick View status overview” on page “Statistics & Logs” on pageStatus lights General status12-110 User’s Reference Guide General Statistics Statistics & LogsMonitoring Tools Event histories 12-112 User’s Reference GuidePhysical Interface Network InterfaceDevice Event History WAN Event HistoryMonitoring Tools Routing tables 12-114 User’s Reference GuideIP routing table Monitoring ToolsServed IP Addresses 12-116 User’s Reference GuideSystem Information Monitoring ToolsSNMP The SNMP Setup screen12-118 User’s Reference Guide Community strings SNMP trapsMonitoring Tools Setting the IP trap receivers 12-120 User’s Reference GuideViewing IP trap receivers Modifying IP trap receiversDeleting IP trap receivers Monitoring Tools12-122 User’s Reference Guide “Telnet access” on page “About ﬁlters and ﬁlter sets” on page Chapter SecuritySuggested security measures User accountsProtecting the Security Options screen 13-124 User’s Reference GuideProtecting the conﬁguration screens Telnet access SecurityAbout ﬁlters and ﬁlter sets What’s a ﬁlter and what’s a ﬁlter set?How ﬁlter sets work 13-126 User’s Reference GuideFilter priority Securitypacket first filter match? send to next filter yes pass or discard? discard delete passHow individual ﬁlters work 13-128 User’s Reference GuideA ﬁlter’s actions A ﬁltering ruleParts of a ﬁlter Port numbersPort number comparisons SecurityOther ﬁlter attributes 13-130 User’s Reference GuidePutting the parts together Filtering example #1 Security13-132 User’s Reference Guide Design guidelinesFiltering example #2 An approach to using ﬁlters Working with IP ﬁlters and ﬁlter setsDisadvantages of ﬁlters SecurityAdding a ﬁlter set 13-134 User’s Reference GuideNaming a new ﬁlter set SecurityInput and output ﬁlters-source and destination 13-136 User’s Reference GuideAdding ﬁlters to a ﬁlter set 1. To make the ﬁlter active in the ﬁlter set, select Enabled and toggle it to Yes. If Enabled is toggled to No, the ﬁlter can still exist in the ﬁlter set, but it will have no effect SecurityViewing ﬁlter sets 13-138 User’s Reference GuideViewing ﬁlters Modifying ﬁltersModifying ﬁlter sets Deleting a ﬁlter setA sample IP ﬁlter set Security13-140 User’s Reference Guide Possible modiﬁcations Security13-142 User’s Reference Guide Firewall tutorial General ﬁrewall terms Basic IP packet componentsBasic protocol types SecurityFirewall design rules 13-144 User’s Reference GuideExample TCP/UDP Ports Firewall LogicBinary representation Logical AND functionImplied rules SecurityFilter basics 13-146 User’s Reference GuideEstablished connections Example IP ﬁlter set screenExample ﬁlters Incoming Packet FilterNetopia InternetExample 13-148 User’s Reference GuideExample Example SecurityExample 13-150 User’s Reference Guide RADIUS Client Support RADIUS client configurationSecurity 13-152 User’s Reference Guide RADIUS Server Authentication PortRADIUS then Local Local then RADIUSSecurity be unable to configure this device unless a Radius Server isAdvanced Security Options 13-154 User’s Reference Guide Chapter Utilities and Diagnostics Utilities and Diagnostics“Factory defaults” on page “Ping” on page “Trace Route” on page “Telnet client” on pagePing 14-156 User’s Reference GuideUtilities and Diagnostics Trace Route 14-158 User’s Reference GuideTelnet client Utilities and DiagnosticsFactory defaults Disconnect Telnet console sessionTransferring conﬁguration and ﬁrmware ﬁles with TFTP 14-160 User’s Reference GuideUpdating ﬁrmware Utilities and DiagnosticsGET WAN MODULE FIRMWARE FROM SERVER Config File Name GET CONFIG FROM SERVER SEND CONFIG TO SERVERDownloading conﬁguration ﬁles 14-162 User’s Reference GuideTransferring conﬁguration and ﬁrmware ﬁles with XMODEM Uploading conﬁguration ﬁlesUtilities and Diagnostics 14-164 User’s Reference Guide Updating ﬁrmwareDownloading conﬁguration ﬁles Utilities and DiagnosticsUploading conﬁguration ﬁles Restarting the system 14-166 User’s Reference GuideAppendix A Troubleshooting Conﬁguration problemsTroubleshooting A-167 “Conﬁguration problems” on page A-167Console connection problems Network problemsProblems communicating with remote IP hosts Local routing problemsHow to reset the router to factory defaults Power outagesReset Switch Slot Troubleshooting A-169How to reach us Technical supportA-170 User’s Reference Guide Before contacting NetopiaOnline product information Troubleshooting A-171Online Technical Support A-172 User’s Reference Guide What is IP? “What is IP?” on page B-173 “About IP addressing” on page B-173Appendix B Understanding IP Addressing About IP addressingSubnets and subnet masks B-174 User’s Reference GuideUnderstanding IP Addressing B-175 Example Using subnets on a Class C IP internetSubnet masks B-176 User’s Reference Guide Network conﬁgurationCustomer Site A ISP NetworkExample Working with a Class C subnet Distributing IP addressesUnderstanding IP Addressing B-177 BackgroundTechnical note on subnet masking B-178 User’s Reference GuideNetopia R910 DHCP server characteristics ConﬁgurationUnderstanding IP Addressing B-179 DHCP address servingUsing address serving Manually distributing IP addressesTips and rules for distributing IP addresses B-180 User’s Reference GuideUnderstanding IP Addressing B-181 B-182 User’s Reference Guide Nested IP subnetsA DHCP example Understanding IP Addressing B-183 InternetB-184 User’s Reference Guide Packet header types BroadcastsUnderstanding IP Addressing B-185 B-186 User’s Reference Guide Appendix C Understanding Netopia NAT Behavior Network conﬁgurationBackground ISP NetworkC-188 User’s Reference Guide Understanding Netopia NAT Behavior C-189 Workstation AC-190 User’s Reference Guide WorkstationsExported services Understanding Netopia NAT Behavior C-191Important notes C-192 User’s Reference GuideUnderstanding Netopia NAT Behavior C-193 ConﬁgurationSummary C-194 User’s Reference GuideAppendix D Binary Conversion Table Binary Conversion Table D-195D-196 User’s Reference Guide DecimalBinary DecimalAppendix E Further Reading Further Reading E-197E-198 User’s Reference Guide Further Reading E-199 E-200 User’s Reference Guide Appendix F Technical Specifications and Safety Information Power requirementsTechnical Speciﬁcations and Safety Information F-201 DescriptionF-202 User’s Reference Guide Regulatory noticesDeclaration for Canadian users Important safety instructions Technical Speciﬁcations and Safety Information F-203Telecommunication installation cautions BatteryF-204 User’s Reference Guide Numerics IndexIndex-205 Index-206 Index-207 13-131 Index-208Index-209