Agilent Technologies 34401A manual Low-Level Measurement Errors, Voltage Measured = √, + Noise

Chapter 7 Measurement Tutorial

Low-Level Measurement Errors

Low-Level Measurement Errors

When measuring ac voltages less than 100 mV, be aware that these measurements are especially susceptible to errors introduced by extraneous noise sources. An exposed test lead will act as an antenna and a properly functioning multimeter will measure the signals received. The entire measurement path, including the power line, act as a loop antenna. Circulating currents in the loop will create error voltages across any impedances in series with the multimeter’s input. For this reason, you should apply low-level ac voltages to the multimeter through shielded cables. You should connect the shield to the input LO terminal.

Make sure the multimeter and the ac source are connected to the same electrical outlet whenever possible. You should also minimize the area of any ground loops that cannot be avoided. A high-impedance source is more susceptible to noise pickup than a low-impedance source. You can reduce the high-frequency impedance of a source by placing a capacitor in parallel with the multimeter’s input terminals. You may have to experiment to determine the correct capacitor value for your application.

Most extraneous noise is not correlated with the input signal. You can determine the error as shown below.

Voltage Measured = √
	Vin	2 + Noise 2

Correlated noise, while rare, is especially detrimental. Correlated noise will always add directly to the input signal. Measuring a low-level signal with the same frequency as the local power line is a common situation that is prone to this error.

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