Excalibur electronic A-MNL-NIOSPROG-01.1 About this Manual

Altera Corporation iii

About this Manual

This manual provides comprehensive information about the NiosTM

embedded processor.

The terms Nios processor or Nios embedded processor are used when

referring to the Altera soft core microprocessor in a general or abstract

context.

The term Nios CPU is used when referring to the specific block of logic, in

whole or part, that implements the Nios processor architecture.

Table1 below shows the programmer’s reference manual revision history.

Table 1. Revision History

Revision Date Description

Version 1.1 March 2001 Nios Embedded P rocessor Programmer’s

Reference Manual - printed

Version 1.1.1 July 2001 PDF format

Contents

Main Page About this Manual How to Contact Altera Getting Typographic Conventions v 1 r f Page Contents Contents Page Page Page List of Tables Page Overview Introduction Audience Nios CPU Instruction Set Register General-Purpose Registers Altera Corporation 3 Table 6. Programmers Model The K Register The Program Counter Control Registers Page Page CLR_IE(%ctl8) Memory Access Reading from Memory (or Peripherals) Writing to Memory (or Peripherals) Addressing Modes 5/16-bit Immediate Value Page Full Width Register-Indirect Partial Width Register-Indirect Full Width Register-Indirect with Offset Partial Width Register-Indirect with Offset Program-Flow Control Relative-Branch Instructions Absolute-Jump Instructions Trap Instructions Conditional Instructions Exceptions Exception Handling Overview Exception Vector Table External Hardware Interrupt Sources Internal Exception Sources Register Window Underflow Register Window Overflow Direct Software Exceptions (TRAP Instructions) Exception Processing Sequence Register Window Usage Status Preservation: ISTATUS Register Return-Address Simple and Complex Exception Handlers Simple Exception Handlers Complex Exception Handlers Pipeline Implementation Pipeline Operation Branch Delay Slots Direct CWP Manipulation Table 16. Notation Details Notation Meaning Notation Meaning Instruction Format (Sheet 1 of 2) Instruction Format (Sheet 2 of 2) Table 17. 32-bit Major Opcode Ta ble (Sheet 1 of 3) Table 17. 32-bit Major Opcode Ta ble (Sheet 2 of 3) Table 17. 32-bit Major Opcode Ta ble (Sheet 3 of 3) Page Page 32-Bit Instruction Set Set ABS Absolute Value ADD Add Without Carry ADDI Add Immediate AND Bitwise Logical AND ANDN Bitwise Logical AND NOT ASR Arithmetic Shift Right ASRI Arithmetic Shift Right Immediate BGEN Bit Generate BR Branch BSR Branch To Subroutine CALL Call Subroutine CMP Compare CMPI Compare Immediate EXT16d Half-Word Extract (Dynamic) EXT16s Half-Word Extract (Static) EXT8d Byte-Extract (Dynamic) EXT8s Byte-Extract (Static) FILL16 Half-Word Fill FILL8 Byte-Fill IF0 Equivalent to SKP1 Instruction IF1 Equivalent to SKP0 Instruction IFRnz Equivalent to SKPRz Instruction IFRz Equivalent to SKPRnz Instruction IFS Conditionally Execute Next Instruction 1 JMP Computed Jump LD Load 32-bit Data From Memory LDP Load 32-bit Data From Memory (Pointer A ddressing Mode) LDS Load 32-bit Data From Memory (Stack Ad dressing Mode) LRET Equivalent to JMP %o7 LSL Logical Shift Left LSLI Logical Shift Left Immediate LSR Logical Shift Right LSRI Logical Shift Right Immediate MOV Register-to-Register Move MOVHI Move Immediate Into High Half-Word MOVI Move Immediate MSTEP Multiply-Step MUL Multiply NEG Arithmetic Negation NOP Equivalent to MOV %g0, %g0 NOT Logical Not OR Bitwise Logical OR PFX Prefix RDCTL Read Control Register RESTORE Restore Callers Register Window RET Equivalent to JMP %i7 RLC Rotate Left Through Carry RRC Rotate Right Through Carry SAVE Save Callers Register Window SEXT16 Sign Extend 16-bit Value SEXT8 Sign Extend 8-bit Value SKP0 Skip If Register Bit Is 0 SKP1 Skip If Register Bit Is 1 SKPRnz Skip If Register Not Equal To 0 SKPRz Skip If Register Equals 0 SKPS Skip On Condition Code 1 ST Store 32-bit Data To Memory ST16d Store 16-Bit Data To Memory (Computed Half-Word Po inter Address) ST16s Store 16-Bit Data To Memory (Static Half-Word-Offset A ddress) ST8d Store 8-Bit Data To Memory (Computed Byte-Point er Address) ST8s Store 8-bit Data To Memory (Static Byte-Offset Address) STP Store 32-bit Data To Memory (Pointer Addressing Mod e) STS Store 32-bit Data To Memory (Stack Addressing Mode) STS16s Store 16-bit Data To Memory (Stack-Addressing Mode) STS8s Store 8-bit Data To Memory (Stack-Addressing Mode) SUB Subtract SUBI Subtract Immediate SWAP Swap Register Half-Words TRAP Unconditional Trap TRET Trap Re turn WRCTL Write Control Register XOR Bitwise Logical Exclusive OR Page Index Index Numerics A B F G H I