Security
Firewall Tutorial
General firewall terms
Filter rule: A filter set is comprised of individual filter rules.
Filter set: A grouping of individual filter rules.
Firewall: A component or set of components that restrict access between a protected network and the Internet, or between two networks.
Host: A workstation on the network.
Packet: Unit of communication on the Internet.
Packet filter: Packet filters allow or deny packets based on source or destination IP addresses, TCP or UDP ports, or the TCP ACK bit.
Port: A number that defines a particular type of service.
Basic IP packet components
All IP packets contain the same basic header information, as follows:
Source IP Address | 163.176.132.18 |
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Destination IP Address | 163.176.4.27 |
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Source Port | 2541 |
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Destination Port | 80 |
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Protocol | TCP |
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ACK Bit | Yes |
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DATA | User Data |
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This header information is what the packet filter uses to make filtering decisions. It is important to note that a packet filter does not look into the IP data stream (the User Data from above) to make filtering decisions.
Basic protocol types
TCP: Transmission Control Protocol. TCP provides reliable packet delivery and has a retransmission mechanism (so packets are not lost). RFC 793 is the specification for TCP.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol. Unlike TCP, UDP does not guarantee reliable, sequenced packet delivery. If data does not reach its destination, UDP does not retransmit the data. RFC 768 is the specification for UDP.
There are many more ports defined in the Assigned Addresses RFC. The table that follows shows some of these port assignments.
