Outbth LDX

2163	8F01	E6	FE			INC	BUFADL	;BUMP BUFFER ADDR
2164	8F03	D0	C9			BNE	DUMPT2
2165	8F05	E6	FF			INC	BUFADH	;CARRY
2166	8F07	4C	CE 8E			JMP	DUMPT2
2167	8F0A 24 FD				OUTCTX BIT		MODE	;HS OR KIM?
2168	8F0C 10 48					BPL OUTCHT		;KIM
2169	8F0E
2170	8F0E				; OUTBTH - NO CLOCK
2171	8F0E				; A,X DESTROYED
2172	8F0E				; MUST	RESIDE ON ONE PAGE - TIMING CRITICAL
2173	8F0E A2 09				OUTBTH LDX		#9	;8 BITS + START BIT
2174	8F10	8C	39	A6		STY	SCR9
2175	8F13	85	FC			STA	CHAR
2176	8F15	AD 02 A4				LDA	TAPOUT	;GET PREV LEVEL
2177	8F18	46	FC		GETBIT LSR		CHAR
2178	8F1A 49 08					EOR	#TPBIT
2179	8F1C 8D 02 A4					STA	TAPOUT	;INVERT LEVEL
2180	8F1F				; *** HERE		STARTS FIRST HALF CYCLE
2181	8F1F AC 35 A6					LDY	TAPET1
2182	8F22	88			A416	DEY		;TIME FOR THIS LOOP IS 5Y-1
2183	8F23	D0	FD			BNE	A416
2184	8F25	90	12			BCC	NOFLIP	;NOFLIP IF BIT ZERO
2185	8F27	49	08			EOR	#TPBIT	;BIT IS ONE - INVERT OUTPUT
2186	8F29	8D	02	A4		STA	TAPOUT
2187	8F2C				; *** END OF FIRST HALF CYCLE
2188	8F2C AC 3C A6				B416	LDY	TAPET2
2189	8F2F 88				B416B	DEY		;LENGTH OF LOOP IS 5Y-1
2190	8F30	D0	FD			BNE	B416B
2191	8F32	CA				DEX
2192	8F33	D0	E3			BNE GETBIT		;GET NEXT BIT (LAST IS 0 START BIT)
2193	8F35	AC 39 A6				LDY SCR9		; (BY 9 BIT LSR)
2194	8F38	60				RTS
2195	8F39	EA			NOFLIP NOP			;TIMING
2196	8F3A 90 F0					BCC	B416	;(ALWAYS)
2197	8F3C				;
2198	8F3C 20 77 8E				OUTBCX JSR CHKT			;WRITE HS OR KIM BYTE & CKSUM
2199	8F3F 24 FD				OUTBTX BIT MODE			;WRITE HS OR KIM BYTE
2200	8F41	30	CB			BMI OUTBTH		;HS
2201	8F43
2202	8F43				;OUTBTC - OUTPUT ONE KIM BYTE
2203	8F43
2204	8F43				OUTBTC =*
2205	8F43	A8			OUTBT	TAY		;SAVE DATA BYTE
2206	8F44	4A				LSR	A
2207	8F45	4A				LSR	A
2208	8F46	4A				LSR	A
2209	8F47	4A				LSR	A
2210	8F48	20	4B	8F		JSR	HEXOUT	;MORE SIG DIGIT
2211	8F4B				; FALL	INTO HEXOUT
2212	8F4B
2213	8F4B 29 0F				HEXOUT AND #$0F			;CVT LSD OF [A] TO ASCII, OUTPUT
2214	8F4D C9 0A					CMP	#$0A
2215	8F4F 18					CLC
2216	8F50	30	02			BMI	HEX1
2217	8F52	69	07			ADC	#$07
2218	8F54	69	30		HEX1	ADC	#$30
2219	8F56
2220	8F56				; OUTCHT -		OUTPUT ASCII CHAR (KIM)
2221	8F56				; CLOCK NOT USED
2222	8F56				; X,Y PRESERVED
2223	8F56				; MUST	RESIDE ON ONE PAGE - TIMING CRITICAL
2224	8F56

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.

Apple II manual Outbth LDX

Models: II

CMP

ADC

ADC

II specifications