EXAMPLE:

 

 

 

25

LD

R5

;Copy the contents

36

ST

R6

;of R5 to R6

LOAD INDIRECT:

 

 

 

LD @Rn

 

 

[ 4n ]

The low-order ACC byte is loaded from the memory location whose address resides in Rn and the high-order ACC byte is cleared. Branch conditions reflect the final ACC contents which will always be positive and never minus 1. The carry is cleared. After the transfer, Rn is incremented by 1.

EXAMPLE

15

34 A0

SET

R5

$A034

45

 

LD

@R5

;ACC is loaded from memory

 

 

 

 

;location $A034

 

 

 

 

;R5 is incr to $A035

STORE INDIRECT:

ST @Rn

[ 5n ]

The low-order ACC byte is stored into the memory location whose address resides in Rn. Branch conditions reflect the

2-byte ACC contents. The carry is cleared. After the transfer Rn is incremented by 1.

EXAMPLE:

15

34

A0

SET

R5

$A034

;Load pointers

R5, R6

with

16

22

90

SET

R6

$9022

;$A034 and

$9022

 

45

 

 

LD

@R5

 

;Move

byte

from $A034

to $9022

56

 

 

ST

@R6

 

;Both

ptrs

are

incremented

LOAD DOUBLE-BYTE INDIRECT:

LDD @Rn

[ 6n ]

The low order ACC byte is loaded from memory location whose address resides in Rn, and Rn is then incremented by 1. The high order ACC byte is loaded from the memory location whose address resides in the incremented Rn, and Rn is again incremented by 1. Branch conditions reflect the final ACC contents. The carry is cleared.

EXAMPLE:

15

34 A0

SET

R5

$A034

;The low-order ACC

byte

is loaded

65

 

LDD

@R6

 

;from $A034, high-order

from

 

 

 

 

 

;$A035, R5 is incr

to $A036

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 46
Image 46
Apple II manual Example, Load Indirect, Store Indirect, Load DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.