EXAMPLE:

 

 

 

 

14

34

A0

SET

R4

$A034

;Init pointers

15

22

90

SET

R5

$9022

 

84

 

 

POP

@R4

 

;Move byte from

95

 

 

STP

@R5

 

;$A033 to $9021

84

 

 

POP

@R4

 

;Move byte from

95

 

 

STP

@R5

 

;$A032 to $9020

ADD:

 

 

 

 

 

 

ADD Rn

 

 

 

[ An ]

 

The contents of Rn are added to the contents of ACC (R0), and the low-order 16 bits of the sum restored in ACC. the 17th sum bit becomes the carry and the other branch conditions reflect the final ACC contents.

EXAMPLE:

10

34

76

SET

R0

$7634

;Init R0 (ACC) and

R1

11

27

42

SET

R1

$4227

 

 

 

 

A1

 

 

ADD

R1

 

;Add R1

(sum=B85B,

C clear)

A0

 

 

ADD

R0

 

;Double

ACC

(R0) to $70B6

 

 

 

 

 

 

;with carry

set.

 

SUBTRACT:

SUB Rn

[ Bn ]

The contents of Rn are subtracted from the ACC contents by performing a two's complement addition:

ACC = ACC + Rn + 1

The low order 16 bits of the subtraction are restored in the ACC, the 17th sum bit becomes the carry and other branch conditions reflect the final ACC contents. If the 16-bit unsigned ACC contents are greater than or equal to the 16-bit unsigned Rn contents, then the carry is set, otherwise it is cleared. Rn is not disturbed.

EXAMPLE:

10

34

76

SET

R0

$7634

;Init R0 (ACC)

11

27

42

SET

R1

$4227

;and R1

 

B1

 

 

SUB

R1

 

;subtract R1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

;(diff=$340D

with c set)

B0

 

 

SUB

R0

 

;clears ACC. (R0)

POP DOUBLE-BYTE INDIRECT:

POPD @Rn

[ Cn ]

Rn is decremented by 1 and the high-order ACC byte is loaded

Page 48
Image 48
Apple II manual Acc, Subtract, POP DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.