161

1DD8

7F

58

 

LE2

DCM

0.69314718 LOG BASE E OF 2

 

 

B9

0C

 

 

 

 

 

162

1DDC

80

52

 

A1

DCM

1.2920074

 

 

B0

40

 

 

 

 

 

163

1DE0

81

AB

 

MB

DCM

-2.6398577

 

 

86

49

 

 

 

 

 

164

1DE4

80

6A

 

C

DCM

1.6567626

 

 

08

66

 

 

 

 

 

165

1DE8

7F

40

 

MHLF

DCM

0.5

 

 

 

00

00

 

 

 

 

 

166

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

167

1E00

 

 

 

 

ORG $1E00

STARTING LOCATION FOR EXP

168

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

169

 

 

 

 

*

EXP OF MANT/EXP1 RESULT IN MANT/EXP1

170

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

171

1E00

A2

03

 

EXP

LDX =3

4 BYTE TRANSFER

172

1E02

BD D8 1E

 

LDA L2E,X

 

173

1E05

95

04

 

 

STA X2,X

LOAD EXP/MANT2 WITH LOG BASE 2 OF E

174

1E07

CA

 

 

 

DEX

 

 

175

1E08

10

F8

 

 

BPL EXP+2

 

176

1E0A

20

77

1F

 

JSR FMUL

LOG2(3)*X

177

1E0D

A2

03

 

 

LDX =3

4 BYTE TRANSFER

178

1E0F

B5

08

 

FSA

LDA X1,X

 

179

1E11

95

10

 

 

STA Z,X

STORE EXP/MANT1 IN Z

180

1E13

CA

 

 

 

DEX

 

 

181

1E14

10

F9

 

 

BPL FSA

SAVE Z=LN(2)*X

182

1E16

20

E8

1F

 

JSR FIX

CONVERT CONTENTS OF EXP/MANT1 TO AN INTEGER

183

1E19

A5

0A

 

 

LDA M1+1

 

184

1E1B

85

1C

 

 

STA INT

SAVE RESULT AS INT

185

1E1D

38

 

 

 

SEC

 

SET CARRY FOR SUBTRACTION

186

1E1E

E9

7C

 

 

SBC =124

INT-124

187

1E20

A5

09

 

 

LDA M1

 

188

1E22

E9

00

 

 

SBC =0

 

189

1E24

10

15

 

 

BPL OVFLW

OVERFLOW INT>=124

190

1E26

18

 

 

 

CLC

 

CLEAR CARRY FOR ADD

191

1E27

A5

0A

 

 

LDA M1+1

 

192

1E29

69

78

 

 

ADC =120

ADD 120 TO INT

193

1E2B

A5

09

 

 

LDA M1

 

194

1E2D

69

00

 

 

ADC =0

 

195

1E2F

10

0B

 

 

BPL CONTIN

IF RESULT POSITIVE CONTINUE

196

1E31

A9

00

 

 

LDA =0

INT<-120 SET RESULT TO ZERO AND RETURN

197

1E33

A2

03

 

 

LDX =3

4 BYTE MOVE

198

1E35

95

08

 

ZERO

STA X1,X

SET EXP/MANT1 TO ZERO

199

1E37

CA

 

 

 

DEX

 

 

200

1E38

10

FB

 

 

BPL ZERO

 

201

1E3A

60

 

 

 

RTS

 

RETURN

202

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

203

1E3B

00

 

 

OVFLW

BRK

 

OVERFLOW

204

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

205

1E3C

20

2C

1F

CONTIN

JSR FLOAT

FLOAT INT

206

1E3F

A2

03

 

 

LDX =3

 

207

1E41

B5

10

 

ENTD

LDA Z,X

 

208

1E43

95

04

 

 

STA X2,X

LOAD EXP/MANT2 WITH Z

209

1E45

CA

 

 

 

DEX

 

 

210

1E46

10

F9

 

 

BPL ENTD

 

211

1E48

20

4A

1F

 

JSR FSUB

Z*Z-FLOAT(INT)

212

1E4B

A2

03

 

 

LDX =3

4 BYTE MOVE

213

1E4D

B5

08

 

ZSAV

LDA X1,X

 

214

1E4F

95

10

 

 

STA Z,X

SAVE EXP/MANT1 IN Z

215

1E51

95

04

 

 

STA X2,X

COPY EXP/MANT1 TO EXP/MANT2

216

1E53

CA

 

 

 

DEX

 

 

217

1E54

10

F7

 

 

BPL ZSAV

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 96
Image 96
Apple II manual Contin

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.