Note: M1 sign bit is unchanged.

RTLOG subroutine (address $F480)

Purpose: To shift the 6-byte field MANT1 and E one bit to the right (toward the least significant bit). The 6502 carry bit is shifted into the high-order M1 bit. This is useful in correcting binary sum overflows.

Entry: A normalized or unnormalized floating point value is in FP1. The carry must be cleared or set by the user since it is shifted Into the sign bit of M1.

Exit: Same as RTAR except that the sign of M1 is not preserved (it is set to the value of the carry bit on entry)

Caution: Same as RTAR.

Example: Prior to calling RTLOG, FP1 contains the normalized value -12 and the carry is clear.

 

_____

 

_____

 

_____

 

_____

 

 

FP1:

$83

$A0

0

0

(-12)

_____

_____

_____

_____

 

X1 M1

After calling RTLOG, M1 is shifted one bit to the right and the sign bit is clear. X1 is incremented by 1.

 

_____

 

_____

 

_____

 

_____

 

 

FP1:

$84

$50

0

0

(+20)

_____

_____

_____

_____

 

X1 M1

Note: The bit shifted off the end of MANT1 is rotated into the high-order bit of the 3-byte extension E. The 3-byte E field is also shifted one bit to the right.

RTLOG1 subroutine (address $F484)

Purpose: To shift MANT1 and E right one bit without adjusting X1. This is used by the multiply loop. The carry is shifted into the sign bit of MANT1.

Entry: M1 and E contain a 6-byte unsigned field. E is the 3-byte low-order extension of MANT1.

Exit: Same as RTLOG except that X1 is not altered and an overflow exit cannot occur.

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Apple II manual

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.