396

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

397

1F9D

20

0D

1F

FDIV

JSR MD1

TAKE ABS VAL OF MANT1, MANT2

398

1FA0

E5

08

 

 

SBC X1

SUBTRACT EXP1 FROM EXP2

399

1FA2

20

CD 1F

 

JSR MD2

SAVE AS QUOTIENT EXP

400

1FA5

38

 

 

DIV1

SEC

SET CARRY FOR SUBTRACT

401

1FA6

A2

02

 

 

LDX =$02

INDEX FOR 3-BYTE INSTRUCTION

402

1FA8

B5

05

 

DIV2

LDA M2,X

 

403

1FAA

F5

0C

 

 

SBC E,X

SUBTRACT A BYTE OF E FROM MANT2

404

1FAC

48

 

 

 

PHA

SAVE ON STACK

405

1FAD

CA

 

 

 

DEX

NEXT MORE SIGNIF BYTE

406

1FAE

10

F8

 

 

BPL DIV2

LOOP UNTIL DONE

407

1FB0

A2

FD

 

 

LDX =$FD

INDEX FOR 3-BYTE CONDITIONAL MOVE

408

1FB2

68

 

 

DIV3

PLA

PULL A BYTE OF DIFFERENCE OFF STACK

409

1FB3

90

02

 

 

BCC DIV4

IF MANT2<E THEN DONT RESTORE MANT2

410

1FB5

95

08

 

 

STA M2+3,X

 

411

1FB7

E8

 

 

DIV4

INX

NEXT LESS SIGNIF BYTE

412

1FB8

D0

F8

 

 

BNE DIV3

LOOP UNTIL DONE

413

1FBA

26

0B

 

 

ROL M1+2

 

414

1FBC

26

0A

 

 

ROL M1+1

ROLL QUOTIENT LEFT, CARRY INTO LSB

415

1FBE

26

09

 

 

ROL M1

 

416

1FC0

06

07

 

 

ASL M2+2

 

417

1FC2

26

06

 

 

ROL M2+1

SHIFT DIVIDEND LEFT

418

1FC4

26

05

 

 

ROL M2

 

419

1FC6

B0

1C

 

 

BCS OVFL

OVERFLOW IS DUE TO UNNORMALIZED DIVISOR

420

1FC8

88

 

 

 

DEY

NEXT DIVIDE ITERATION

421

1FC9

D0

DA

 

 

BNE DIV1

LOOP UNTIL DONE 23 ITERATIONS

422

1FCB

F0

BE

 

 

BEQ MDEND

NORMALIZE QUOTIENT AND CORRECT SIGN

423

1FCD

86

0B

 

MD2

STX M1+2

 

424

1FCF

86

0A

 

 

STX M1+1

CLR MANT1 (3 BYTES) FOR MUL/DIV

425

1FD1

86

09

 

 

STX M1

 

426

1FD3

B0

0D

 

 

BCS OVCHK

IF EXP CALC SET CARRY, CHECK FOR OVFL

427

1FD5

30

04

 

 

BMI MD3

IF NEG NO UNDERFLOW

428

1FD7

68

 

 

 

PLA

POP ONE

429

1FD8

68

 

 

 

PLA

RETURN LEVEL

430

1FD9

90

B2

 

 

BCC NORMX

CLEAR X1 AND RETURN

431

1FDB

49

80

 

MD3

EOR =$80

COMPLIMENT SIGN BIT OF EXP

432

1FDD

85

08

 

 

STA X1

STORE IT

433

1FDF

A0

17

 

 

LDY =$17

COUNT FOR 24 MUL OR 23 DIV ITERATIONS

434

1FE1

60

 

 

 

RTS

RETURN

435

1FE2

10

F7

 

OVCHK

BPL MD3

IF POS EXP THEN NO OVERFLOW

436

1FE4

00

 

 

OVFL

BRK

 

437

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

438

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

439

 

 

 

 

*

CONVERT EXP/MANT1 TO INTEGER IN M1 (HIGH) AND M1+1(LOW)

440

 

 

 

 

*

EXP/MANT2 UNEFFECTED

441

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

442

1FE5

20

5F

1F

 

JSR RTAR

SHIFT MANT1 RT AND INCREMENT EXPNT

443

1FE8

A5

08

 

FIX

LDA X1

CHECK EXPONENT

444

1FEA

C9

8E

 

 

CMP =$8E

IS EXPONENT 14?

445

1FEC

D0

F7

 

 

BNE FIX-3

NO, SHIFT

446

1FEE

60

 

 

RTRN

RTS

RETURN

447

 

 

 

 

 

END

 

OBJECT CODE DUMP

1D00 A5 09 F0 02 10 01 00 20 1C 1F A2 00 A5 04 A0 80 1D10 84 04 49 80 85 0A 10 01 CA 86 09 20 2C 1F A2 03 1D20 B5 04 95 10 B5 08 95 18 BD D4 1D 95 08 CA 10 F0 1D30 20 4A 1F A2 03 B5 08 95 14 B5 10 95 08 BD D4 1D 1D40 95 04 CA 10 F0 20 50 1F A2 03 B5 14 95 04 CA 10 1D50 F9 20 9D 1F A2 03 B5 08 95 14 95 04 CA 10 F7 20

Page 100
Image 100
Apple II manual Object Code Dump

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.