*

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

1F2C

A9

8E

FLOAT

LDA =$8E

 

1F2E

85

08

 

STA X1

SET EXPN TO 14 DEC

1F30

A9

00

 

LDA =0

CLEAR LOW ORDER BYTE

1F32

85

0B

 

STA M1+2

 

1F34

F0

08

 

BEQ NORM

NORMALIZE RESULT

1F36

C6

08

NORM1

DEC X1

DECREMENT EXP1

1F38

06

0B

 

ASL M1+2

 

1F3A

26

0A

 

ROL M1+1

SHIFT MANT1 (3 BYTES) LEFT

1F3C

26

09

 

ROL M1

 

1F3E

A5

09

NORM

LDA M1

HIGH ORDER MANT1 BYTE

1F40

0A

 

 

ASL

UPPER TWO BITS UNEQUAL?

1F41

45

09

 

EOR M1

 

1F43

30

04

 

BMI RTS1

YES,RETURN WITH MANT1 NORMALIZED

1F45

A5

08

 

LDA X1

EXP1 ZERO?

1F47

D0

ED

 

BNE NORM1

NO, CONTINUE NORMALIZING

1F49

60

 

RTS1

RTS

RETURN

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

*EXP/MANT2-EXP/MANT1 RESULT IN EXP/MANT1

1F4A

20

8F

1F

FSUB JSR FCOMPL

CMPL MANT1 CLEARS CARRY UNLESS ZERO

1F4D

20

5D

1F

SWPALG JSR ALGNSW

RIGHT SHIFT MANT1 OR SWAP WITH MANT2 ON CARRY

 

 

 

 

*

 

*ADD EXP/MANT1 AND EXP/MANT2 RESULT IN EXP/MANT1

1F50

A5

04

 

FADD

LDA

X2

 

1F52

C5

08

 

 

CMP

X1

COMPARE EXP1 WITH EXP2

1F54

D0

F7

 

 

BNE

SWPALG

IF UNEQUAL, SWAP ADDENDS OR ALIGN MANTISSAS

1F56

20

00

1F

 

JSR

ADD

ADD ALIGNED MANTISSAS

1F59

50

E3

 

ADDEND

BVC

NORM

NO OVERFLOW, NORMALIZE RESULTS

1F5B

70

05

 

 

BVS

RTLOG

OV: SHIFT MANT1 RIGHT. NOTE CARRY IS CORRECT SIGN

1F5D

90

BD

 

ALGNSW

BCC

SWAP

SWAP IF CARRY CLEAR, ELSE SHIFT RIGHT ARITH.

1F5F

A5

09

 

RTAR

LDA

M1

SIGN OF MANT1 INTO CARRY FOR

1F61

0A

 

 

 

ASL

 

RIGHT ARITH SHIFT

1F62

E6

08

 

RTLOG

INC

X1

INCR EXP1 TO COMPENSATE FOR RT SHIFT

1F64

F0

7E

 

 

BEQ

OVFL

EXP1 OUT OF RANGE.

1F66

A2

FA

 

RTLOG1 LDX

=$FA

INDEX FOR 6 BYTE RIGHT SHIFT

1F68

A9

80

 

ROR1

LDA

=$80

 

1F6A

B0

01

 

 

BCS ROR2

 

1F6C

0A

 

 

 

ASL

 

 

1F6D

56

0F

 

ROR2

LSR E+3,X

SIMULATE ROR E+3,X

1F6F

15

0F

 

 

ORA E+3,X

 

1F71

95

0F

 

 

STA E+3,X

 

1F73

E8

 

 

 

INX

 

NEXT BYTE OF SHIFT

1F74

D0

F2

 

 

BNE

ROR1

LOOP UNTIL DONE

1F76

60

 

 

 

RTS

 

RETURN

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*

 

 

 

*EXP/MANT1 X EXP/MANT2 RESULT IN EXP/MANT1

1F77

20

0D

1F

FMUL

JSR MD1

ABS. VAL OF MANT1, MANT2

1F7A

65

08

 

 

ADC X1

ADD EXP1 TO EXP2 FOR PRODUCT EXPONENT

1F7C

20

CD 1F

 

JSR MD2

CHECK PRODUCT EXP AND PREPARE FOR MUL

1F7F

18

 

 

 

CLC

CLEAR CARRY

1F80

20

66

1F

MUL1

JSR RTLOG1

MANT1 AND E RIGHT.(PRODUCT AND MPLIER)

1F83

90

03

 

 

BCC MUL2

IF CARRY CLEAR, SKIP PARTIAL PRODUCT

1F85

20

00

1F

 

JSR ADD

ADD MULTIPLICAN TO PRODUCT

1F88

88

 

 

MUL2

DEY

NEXT MUL ITERATION

1F89

10

F5

 

 

BPL MUL1

LOOP UNTIL DONE

1F8B

46

03

 

MDEND

LSR SIGN

TEST SIGN (EVEN/ODD)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 88
Image 88
Apple II manual YES,RETURN with MANT1 Normalized, Right Shift MANT1 or Swap with MANT2 on Carry, Cmp, Addend, Algnsw

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.