STORE DOUBLE-BYTE INDIRECT:

STD @Rn

[ 7n ]

The low-order ACC byte is stored into memory location whose address resides in Rn, and Rn is the incremented by 1. The high-order ACC byte is stored into the memory location whose address resides in the incremented Rn, and Rn is again incremented by 1. Branch conditions reflect the ACC contents which are not disturbed. The carry is cleared.

EXAMPLE:

15

34

A0

SET

R5

$A034

;Load pointers

R5, R6

16

22

90

SET

R6

$9022

;with $A034 and $9022

65

 

 

LDD

@R5

 

;Move

double

byte from

76

 

 

STD

@R6

 

;$A034-35 to

$9022-23.

 

 

 

 

 

 

;Both

pointers

incremented by 2.

POP INDIRECT:

POP @Rn

[ 8n ]

The low-order ACC byte is loaded from the memory location whose address resides in Rn after Rn is decremented by 1, and the high order ACC byte is cleared. Branch conditions reflect the final 2-byte ACC contents which will always be positive and never minus one. The carry is cleared. Because Rn is decremented prior to loading the ACC, single byte stacks may be implemented with the ST @Rn and POP @Rn ops (Rn is the stack pointer).

EXAMPLE:

15

34

A0

SET

R5

$A034

;Init stack pointer

10

04

00

SET

R0

4

;Load 4 into ACC

55

 

 

ST

@R5

 

;Push 4 onto stack

10

05

00

SET

R0

5

;Load 5 into ACC

55

 

 

ST

@R5

 

;Push 5 onto stack

10

06

00

SET

R0

6

;Load 6 into ACC

55

 

 

ST

@R5

 

;Push 6 onto stack

85

 

 

POP

@R5

 

;Pop 6

off stack into ACC

85

 

 

POP

@R5

 

;Pop 5

off stack

85

 

 

POP

@R5

 

;Pop 4

off stack

STORE POP INDIRECT:

STP @Rn

[ 9n ]

The low-order ACC byte is stored into the memory location whose address resides in Rn after Rn is decremented by 1. Branch conditions will reflect the 2-byte ACC contents which are not modified. STP @Rn and POP @Rn are used together to move data blocks beginning at the greatest address and working down. Additionally, single-byte stacks may be implemented with the STP @Rn ops.

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Image 47
Apple II manual Store DOUBLE-BYTE Indirect, Store POP Indirect

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.