studied in the first four SWEET 16 registers. Therefore, the 8 byte display starting at $0000 is large enough for this purpose.

These four registers are established as R0, R1, R2, R3:

R0

$0000

&

0001

-SWEET 16 accumulator

R1

$0002

&

0003

-Source address

R2

$0004

&

0005

-Destination address

R3

$0006

&

0007

-Number of bytes to move

.

 

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

.

 

 

 

 

R14

$001C

&

001D

-Prior result register

R15

$001E

&

001F

-SWEET 16 Program counter

Additionally, an examination of registers R14 and R15 will extend and understanding of SWEET 16, as fully explained in the "WOZ" text. Notice that the high order byte of R14, (located at $1D) contains $06, and is the doubled register specification (3X2=$06). R15, the SWEET 16 program counter contains the address of the next operation as it did for each step during execution of the program, which was $0312 when execution ended and the 6502 code resumed.

To try a sample run, enter the Integer Basic program as shown in Listing #1. Of course, REM statements can be omitted, and line 10 is only helpful if the machine code is to be stored on disk. Listing #2 must also be entered starting at $300.

NOTE: A 6502 disassembly does not look like listing #3, but the SOURCEROR disassembler would create a correct disassembly.

Enter "RUN" and hit RETURN

Enter "12" and hit RETURN (A$ - A$ string data)

Enter "18" and hit RETURN (high-order byte of destination)

The display should appear as follows:

$0800-C1

40

00

10

08

B1

B2

1E

(SOURCE)

 

$0A00-C1

40

00

10

08

B1

B2

1E

(Dest.)

 

 

$0000-1E

00

08

08

08

0A

00

00

(SWEET 16)

 

NOTE: The 8 bytes stored at $0A00 are identical to the 8

bytes starting at $0800, indicating

that an accurate move of 8

bytes length has

been made. They are moved one byte at a

time starting with token C1 and

ending with token 1E. If

moving less than

8 bytes,

the data

following the moved data

would be whatever existed

at

those

locations before the move.

The bytes have the following

significance:

 

 

A Token$

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C1

40

00

 

10

 

08

 

B1

B2

1E

---------

----

 

--------

 

---------

--

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page 58
Image 58
Apple II manual Source

II specifications

The Apple II, launched in April 1977, was one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputer products. It marked a significant leap in personal computing, setting standards for future developments in the industry. Created by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, the Apple II differentiated itself with its user-friendly design, appealing aesthetics, and robust capabilities.

One of the standout features of the Apple II was its open architecture, which allowed users to expand and enhance the computer's functionality. This design enabled hundreds of third-party hardware and software developers to contribute to its ecosystem, resulting in an array of peripherals, including printers, modems, and storage devices. The Apple II utilized a MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor running at a clock speed of 1 MHz. Initially equipped with 4 KB of RAM, the machine could be expanded to 48 KB, accommodating more complex applications and programs.

The Apple II was also notable for its colorful graphics. It was one of the first computers to support color display, offering a 6-color palette with a resolution of 280x192 pixels in 16 colors when using its Color Graphics Card. This feature significantly enhanced the visual appeal of games and educational software developed for the platform, making computing more accessible and entertaining for various audiences.

Apple's commitment to user experience was evident in the design of the machine. It featured an integrated keyboard and a plastic case, which was both durable and visually appealing. The self-contained design included drive bays for floppy disk drives, allowing for quicker data access than traditional tape drives. It also supported audio output, enabling sound effects and music, a novelty at the time.

The introduction of the Apple DOS operating system further underscored the machine's capabilities. DOS streamlined file management and made it easier for users to navigate and manage their data. The combination of hardware and software positioned the Apple II as an educational tool and a gaming platform, fostering a vibrant software ecosystem.

The Apple II family continued to evolve, with variations like the Apple II+, IIe, and IIgs being introduced over the years. These iterations brought enhancements in memory, processing power, and graphics capabilities. The legacy of the Apple II endures, not only as a foundational product in personal computing but also as a symbol of innovation that paved the way for future advancements in technology. Its impact is still felt today, as it inspired countless developers and shaped the trajectory of the computer industry.