Intel 8080 manual Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALU, Instruction Register and Control, Data Bus Buffer

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):

The ALU contains the following registers:

•An 8-bit accumulator

•An 8-bit temporary accumulator (ACT)

•A 5-bit flag register: zero, carry, sign, parity and auxiliary carry

•An 8-bit temporary register (TMP)

Arithmetic, logical and rotate operations are per- formed in the ALU. The ALU is fed by the temporary register (TMP) and the temporary accumulator (ACT) and carry flip-flop. The result of the operation can be trans- ferred to the internal bus or to the accumulator; the ALU also feeds the flag register.

The temporary register (TMP) receives information from the internal bus and can send all or portions of it to the ALU, the flag register and the internal bus.

The accumulator (ACC) can be loaded from the ALU and the internal bus and can transfer data ~o the temporary accumulator (ACT) and the internal bus. The contents of the accumulator (ACC) and the auxiliary carry flip-flop can be tested for decimal correction during the execution of the DAA instruction (see Chapter 4).

Instruction Register and Control:

During an instruction fetch, the first byte of an in- struction (containing the OP code) is transferred from the internal bus to the 8-bit instruction register.

The contents of the instruction register are, in turn, available to the instruction decoder. The output of the decoder, combined with various timing signals, provides the control signals for the register array, ALU and data buffer blocks. In addition, the outputs from the instruction decoder and external control signals feed the timing and state control section which generates the state and cycle timing signals.

Data Bus Buffer:

This 8-bit bidirectional 3-state buffer is used to isolate the CPU's internal bus from the external data bus. (DO through 07). In the output mode, the internal bus content is loaded into an 8-bit latch that, in turn, drives the data bus output buffers. The output buffers are switched off during input or non-transfer operations.

Dur\ng the input mode, data from the external data bus is transferred to the internal bus. The internal bus is pre- charged at the beginning of each internal state, except for the transfer state (T3-described later in this chapter).

THE PROCESSOR CYCLE

An instruction cycle is defined as the time required to fetch and execute an instruction. During the fetch, a selected instruction (one, two or three bytes) is extracted from memory and deposited in the CPU's instruction regis- ter. During the execution phase, the instruction is decoded and translated into specific processing activities.

Every instruction cycle consists of one, two, three, four or five machine cycles. A machine cycle is required each time the CPU accesses memory or an I/O port. The fetch portion of an instruction cycle requires one machine cycle for each byte to be fetched. The duration of the execu- tion portion of the instruction cycle depends on the kind of instruction that has been fetched. Some instructions do not require any machine cycles other than those necessary to fetch the instruction; other instructions, however, re- quire additional machine cycles to write or read data to/ from memory or I/O devices. The DAD instruction is an exception in that it requires two additional machine cycles to complete an internal register-pair add (see Chapter 4).

Each machine cycle consists of three, four or five states. A state is the smallest unit of processing activity and is defined as the interval between two successive positive~ going transitions of the ¢1 driven clock pulse. The 8080 is driven by a two-phase clock oscillator. All processing activ- ities are referred to the period of th is clock. The two non- overlapping clock pulses, labeled ¢1 and cP2, are furnished by external circuitry. It is the cPl clock pulse which divides each machine cycle into states. Timing logic within the 8080 uses the clock inputs to produce a SYNC pulse, which identifies the beginning of every machine cycle. The SYNC pulse is triggered by the low-to-high transition of cP2, as shown in Figure 2-3.

FIRST STATE OF *EVERY MACHINE CYCLE

4>1

SYNC

*SYNC DOES NOT OCCUR IN THE SECOND AND THIRD MACHINE CYCLES OF A DAD INSTRUCTION SINCE THESE MACHINE CYCLES ARE USED FOR AN INTERNAL REGISTER-PAIR ADD.

Figure 2-3.1>1,</J2And SYNC Timing

There are three exceptions to the defined duration of a state. They are the WAIT state, the hold (H LOA) state and the halt (HLTA) state, described later in this chapter. Because the WAIT, the HLOA, and the HLTA states depend upon external events, they are by their nature of indeter- minate length. Even these exceptional states, however, must

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