Intel manual Hold Sequences, Halt Sequences, START-UP of the 8080 CPU

HOLD SEQUENCES

The SOSOA CPU contains provisions for Direct Mem- ory Access (DMA) operations. By applying a HO LD to the appropriate control pin on the processor, an external device can cause the CPU to suspend its normal operations and re- linquish control of the address and data busses. The proces- sor responds to a request of this kind by floating its address to other devices sharing the busses. At the same time, the processor acknowledges the HO LD by placing a high on its HLDA outpin pin. During an acknowledged HOLD, the address and data busses are under control of the peripheral which originated the request, enabling it to conduct mem- ory transfers without processor intervention.

Like the interrupt, the HO LD input is synchronized internally. A HOLD signal must be stable prior to the "Hold set-up" interval (tHS), that precedes the rising edge of <P2.

Figures 2-9 and 2-10 illustrate the timing involved in HOLD operations. Note the delay between the asynchronous HOLD REQUEST and the re-clocked HOLD. As shown in the diagram, a coincidence of the READY, the HOLD, and the ¢2 clocks sets the internal hold latch. Setting the latch enables the subsequent rising edge of the ¢1 clock pulse to trigger the HLOA output.

Acknowledgement of the HOLD REQUEST precedes slightly the actual floating of the processor's address and data lines. The processor acknowledges a HO LD at the begin- ning of T3, if a read or an input machine cycle is in progress (see Figure 2-9). Otherwise, acknowledgement is deferred until the beginning of the state following T3 (see Figure 2-10). In both cases, however, the HLDA goes high within a specified delay (tDC) of the rising edge of the selected ¢1 clock pulse. Address and data lines are floated within a brief delay after the rising edge of the next ¢2 clock pulse. This relationship is also shown in the diagrams.

To all outward appearances, the processor has suspend- ed its operations once the address and data busses are floated. Internally, however, certain functions may continue. If a HOLD REQUEST is acknowledged at T3, and if the pro- cessor is in the middle of a machine cycle which requires four or more states to complete, the CPU proceeds through T 4 and T5 before coming to a rest. Not until the end of the machine cycle is reached will processing activities cease. Internal processing is thus permitted to overlap the external DMA transfer, improving both the efficiency and the speed of the entire system.

The processor exits the holding state through a sequence similar to that by which it entered. A HOLD REQUEST is terminated asynchronously when the external device has completed its data transfer. The H LOA output

returns to a low level following the leading edge of the next ¢1 clock pulse. Normal processing resumes with the ma- chine cycle following the last cycle that was executed.

HALT SEQUENCES

When a halt instruction (H LT) is executed, the CPU enters the ha It state (TWH) after state T 2 of the next ma- chine cycle, as shown in Figure 2-11. There are only three ways in which the 8080 can exit the halt state:

•A high on the RESET line will always reset the 8080 to state T 1; RESET also clears the program counter.

•A HOLD input will cause the 8080 to enter the hold state, as previously described. When the HOLD line goes low, the 8080 re-enters the halt state on the rising edge of the next ¢1 clock pulse.

•An interrupt (Le., INT goes high while INTE is enabled) will cause the 8080 to exit the Halt state and enter state T 1 on the rising edge of the next ¢1 clock pulse. NOTE: The interrupt enable (INTE) flag must be set when the halt state is entered; otherwise, the 8080 will only be able to exit via a RESET signal.

Figure 2-12 illustrates halt sequencing in flow chart

form.

START-UP OF THE 8080 CPU

When power is applied initially to the 8080, the pro- cessor begins operating immediately. The contents of its program counter, stack pointer, and the other working regis- ters are naturally subject to random factors and cannot be specified. For this reason, it will be necessary to begin the power-up sequence with RESET.

An external RESET signal of three clock period dura- tion (minimum) restores the processor's internal program counter to zero. Program execution thus begins with mem- ory location zero, following a RESET. Systems which re- quire the processor to wait for an explicit start-up signal will store a halt instruction (EI, HLT) in the first two loca- tions. A manual or an automatic INTERRUPT will be used for starting. In other systems, the processor may begin ex- ecuting its stored program immediately. Note, however, that the RESET has no effect on status flags, or on any of the processor's working registers (accumulator, registers, or stack pointer). The contents of these registers remain inde- terminate, until initialized explicitly by the program.

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