?~~, CPU State Transition Diagram | Intel 8080 instruction

G)TillRESET

READY + HLTA

(2)

YES

READY. HLTA

READY~~

I...-------------~READY

YES	SET INTERNAL
	SET INTERNAL
	HOLD F/F

I (31

7	I HOLD
	I MODE
	I
	I
	I
	I
	__ .J
?~~----
YES
NO

HOLD

NO	RESET INTERNAL
	RESET INTERNAL
	HOLD F/F

SET INTERNAL

INT F/F

Figure 2-4. CPU State Transition Diagram

INT. INTE

SET INTERNAL

HOLD F/F

(3)

HOLD

RESET INTERNAL

HOLD F/F

RESET HLTA

(1),NTE F/F IS RESET IF INTERNAL INT F/F IS SET.

(2),NTERNAL INT F/F IS RESET IF INTE F/F IS RESET.

(3)SEE PAGE 2-13.

2-7

Page 21

Image 21

Intel 8080 manual ?~~, CPU State Transition Diagram

8080 specifications

The Intel 8085 and 8080 microprocessors were groundbreaking innovations in the world of computing, paving the way for future microprocessor development and personal computing.

The Intel 8080, introduced in 1974, was an 8-bit microprocessor that played a fundamental role in the early days of personal computing. With a 16-bit address bus, it had the capability to address 64 KB of memory. Running at clock speeds of 2 MHz, the 8080 was notable for its instruction set, which included 78 instructions and 246 opcodes. It supported a range of addressing modes including direct, indirect, and register addressing. The 8080 was compatible with a variety of peripherals and played a crucial role in the development of many early computers.

The microprocessor's architecture was based on a simple and efficient design, making it accessible for hobbyists and engineers alike. It included an 8-bit accumulator, which allowed for data manipulation and storage during processing. Additionally, the 8080 featured registers like the program counter and stack pointer, which facilitated program flow control and data management. Its ability to handle interrupts also made it suitable for multitasking applications.

The Intel 8085, introduced in 1976, was an enhancement of the 8080 microprocessor. It maintained a similar architecture but included several key improvements. Notably, the 8085 had a built-in clock oscillator, simplifying system design by eliminating the need for external clock circuitry. It also featured a 5-bit control signal for status line management, which allowed for more flexible interfacing with peripheral devices. The 8085 was capable of running at speeds of up to 3 MHz and had an extended instruction set with 74 instructions.

One of the standout features of the 8085 was its support for 5 extra instructions for stack manipulation and I/O operations, which optimized the programming process. Additionally, it supported serial communication, making it suitable for interfacing with external devices. Its 16-bit address bus retained the 64 KB memory addressing capability of its predecessor.

Both the 8080 and 8085 microprocessors laid the groundwork for more advanced microprocessors in the years that followed. They demonstrated the potential of integrated circuits in computing and influenced the design and architecture of subsequent Intel microprocessors. Their legacy endures in the way they revolutionized computing, making technology accessible to a broader audience, and their influence is still felt in the design and architecture of modern microprocessors today.

Contents

Page System Controller for 8080A Clock Generator for 8080AProgrammable Communication Interface Programmable Peripheral Interface Contents 127 Peri pheralsChapter Packaging Information Page Advantages of Designing With Microcomputers Microcomputer Design AidsConventional System Programmed Logic Applications Example Iii1IIII~Iff1 Peripheral Devices Encountered Application Typical Computer System Architecture of a CPUAccumulator Instruction Register and Decoder Program Counter Jumps, Subroutines and the Stack Address Registers Control CircuitryArithmetic/Logic Unit ALU Computer Operations Memory Read Instruction FetchMemory Write Wait memory synchronizationPage Page 8080 Photomicrograph With Pin Designations INTE~ Registers Architecture of the 8080 CPU Instruction Register and Control Arithmetic and Logic Unit ALUData Bus Buffer Processor Cycle Machine Cycle Identification Halt State Transition Sequence Status Word Chart Status Bit DefinitionsStatus Information Definition ?~~ CPU State Transition Diagram Rr\ ONE ,----- ~ ~2. State Definitions State Associated Activities Interrupt Sequences RLrL- rL rL rL-rL- rLrL ¢2 -+--sLJJlL-..rrL~LJLLJTLJJ\.lJL Hold Sequences Halt SequencesSTART-UP of the 8080 CPU 11. Halt Timing ~~~~t==p 001 STATUS6 Xram ~iA~~ll,12 ~iA~~~11~A~~~ll ~iA~~~11 111 000 001 010 011 100 101 Value Basic System Operation Typical Computer System Block Diagram 8080 CPU CPU Module DesignClock Generator and High Level Driver Clock Generator Design ClK 0.......-..-.-----.. tf1A TTL ~50nsHigh Level Driver Design Ststb !1 Page Interfacing the 8080 CPU to Memory and I/O Devices ROM InterfaceRAM Interface Ill General Theory InterfaceIsolated I/O Memory Mapped I/O Addressing Interface ExampleMemr to 15 Format 13 Format 8080 Instruction SET Instruction and Data Formats Byte Two Byte OneByte Three I D7 Addressing Modes Symbols Meaning Symbols and AbbreviationsDescription Format All Data Transfer Group Content of register r2 is moved to register r1MOV r1, r2 Move Register Reg. indirect 0 I R 0 I R p Arithmetic Group 0 I1 I 0 I 0 o 0 I D I D R 0 I Logical Group I IOCR M Decrement memory Cycles States Addressing reg. indirect Flags Z,S,P ,CY,AC I 1 I 1 o I 1 I 1 I I 0 I 1 I 1 I~11~ 1 1 1 0 I 0 1 I 0 I 1 I0 I 0 I Cycles States Flags none 000 Branch Group I c c I c I 0 I 0 I Ccondition addrSP ~ SP + I 1 o Stack, I/O, and Machine Control GroupPush rp 1 I R ~ SP + Exchange stack top with Hand L~ data Cycles States Flags None Instruction SET Programmable Peripheral Interface 8224 8080A-1 8228 8080A-2 8080A M8080-A Page PIN Names Schottky Bipolar General Functional DescriptionOscillator Clock Generator Ststb Status Strobe Power-On Reset and Ready Flip-Flops Crystal Requirements Characteristics 8pF Input Example Characteristics For tCY = 488.28 nsT42 T01 T02 T03 Toss TORS tORH tOR FMAX Dbin PIN Configuration Block Diagram Block General Inta None Control Signals TE~r Characteristics TA = Oc to 70C Vee = 5V ±5%Waveforms Hlda to Read Status Outputs Ststb GoUTVTH VCC=5V GND ---. r ·-c ?oo .H Intel Silicon Gate MOS 8080 a Vee Vss8080A Functional PIN Definition Absolute Maximum RATINGS· CharacteristicsCapacitance IOl = 1.9mA on all outputs ~I~~~ =..... -r-DATAINTiming Waveforms ~~1 t CY Typical ~ Output Delay VS. a Capacitance Characteristics Typical Instructions Instruction SET Summary of Processor Instructions Silicon Gate MOS 8080.A Infel Silicon Gate MOS 8080A-1 Symbol Parameter Typ MaxUnit Fft~l ~tOF.I~-t TYPICAL!J. Output Delay VS. ~ Capacitance Infel Silicon Gate MOS 8080 A-2 Cout +10J1A VAOOR/OATA = VSS + O.45V Unit Test Condition Symbol Parameter Min Min. Max. Unit Test Condition Typical ~ Output Delay VS. ~ CapacitancePage Intel . Silicon Gate MOS M8080A Register to regist~r, memory refer Immediate mode or I/O instructionsEnce, arithmetic or logical, rotate Interrupt instructions Llf17 Summary of Processor Instructions M8080A Functional PIN Definition Silicon Gate MOS M8080A Absolute Maximum Ratings IOL = 1.9mA on all outputsOperation Symbol Parameter Min. Max Unit Test Condition ~I~ Silicon Gate MOS M8080APage ROMs 8702A 8704 8708 8316A Page Silicon Gate MOS 8702A Operating Characteristics PIN ConnectionsVoo 1N= Vee Switching Characteristics~10% = V ce Cs=o.~ \ \ Symbol Test Operating Characteristics for Programming OperationCharacteristics for Programming Operation SYMBOLTESTMIN. TYP. MAX. Unit Conditions CS = OV Switching Characteristics for Programming OperationProgramming Operation of the 8702A Program Operation II. Programming of the 8702A Using Intel Microcomputers Operation of the 8702A in Program ModeIII a Erasing Procedure Programming Instructions for the 8702APage PIN Names PIN Configurations Block Diagram III CommentIBB VOH1 Test Conditions Symbol Parameter Typ. Max. Unit ConditionsWaveforms Max Unit Parameter Min TpF Program Pulse Fall TimeProgramming Current RnA Program Pulse Amplitude Read/Program/Read Transitions CS/WE = +12V+-------1 PEEEf!1EJEZPlEzz$m=2!·m·· Icc 150 r Silicon Gate MOS MAX Unit CommentCS=O.O Outa ~~~H --4!~--~N-~-TA-AL-~-DU-T--~\ 100 ns 7001 JJ.s200ns 500ns 300 ns Cs .. o.~ ~r Typical Characteristics Silicon Gate MOS Ilpc IlclIlkc ILO Conditions of Test for Characteristics CoUTCIN ~ ~ ~ Marking Mask Option SpecificationsPppp Customer Number Oate Title Card ~ r ------ + -- t --- . L . ------ rJBlank 79-80 Intel Silicon Gate MOS ROM 8316A PIN Configuration Block Diagram 400 Conditions of Test forCAPACITANCE2 TA = 25C, f = 1 MHz Waveforms OU~TVALID ILICO.N Gate MOS ROM 8316A Typical D.C. Characteristics Number Oate CustomerSTO Mask Option Speci Fications COM~ANY Name Title Card RAMs Page Silicon Gate MOS PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block Diagram = OC ~E~~=~utP~-t-·7~igh-~\/oltage-~------ ---- --i2-+---=~== ~=10H = -150 p.A +----+ 00 ~ Conditions of TestPage Silicon Gate MOS PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block Diagram III Symbol Parameter Min. Typ.rICC1 ICC2 550 200 Write 1~-tAW--.I-----IInput Pulse Rise and Fall Times 20nsec Timing Measurement Reference Level VoltPage Silicon Gate MOS 5V to +7V Power Dissipation WattComment TA = OOC to +70C, Vee = 5V ±5% unless otherwise specified +--~~~TL~~~EEt~~~P-.± 85o-·-···TCapacitance T a = 25C, f = 1MHz Conditions of Test ~~~b~.J Typical A.C. Characteristics Silicon Gate MOS 8102A-4 TA = OC to +70 o e, Vcc = 5V ±5% unless otherwise specified 450 230300 Access Time VS Ambient Temperature VIN Limits VS. TemperatureAccess Time VS LOAD·CAPACITANCE Output Source Current VS PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Block Diagram Fully Decoded Random Access BIT Dynamic Memory IOOAV2 Silicon Gate MOS 81078·4 IMP~ri~~CE II.~ 4000 Read CycleRef = Write Cycle Typical Characteristics Symbol Parameter Min Max RWc 590 CDNumbers in parentheses are for minimum cycle timing in ns Standby Power Power DissipationRefresh System Interfaces and Filtering Typical System BIT 256 x 4 Static Cmos RAM VIH VOL VOH ICC2VOR Icccr Timing Measurement Reference Level Volt Input Pulse Rise and Fall Times 20nsec ~I----- t CW2 ------ . t Schottky Bipolar PIN Configuration Logic Symbol Voo- --- ---T Conditions of Test All driver outputs are in the state indicated Power Supply Current Drain and Power Dissipation Typical System Dynamic Memory Refresh Controller Page 8212 8255 8251 Page EIGHT-BIT INPUT/OUTPUT Port PIN Configuration Logic Diagram OS2 Functional Description II. Gated Buffer 3·STATE Basic Schematic SymbolsAre 3-state Gated Buffer IV. Interrupting Input Port III. Bi-Directional Bus DriverInterrupt Instruction Port BI-DIRECTIONAL BUS Driver VII Status Latch VI. Output Port With Hand-Shaking8080 4 OvJ \.. -4~ OUT Viii SystemVee System IX System 1G~D L-~ DalN-t?!NrJ Absolute Maximum Ratings· Characteristics 052 ~ Typical Characteristics Tpw OUT Switching Characteristics TA = OC to + 75C Vee = +5V ± 5%12 pF ~~~lEI~S 1-- +SV Programmable Peripheral Interface Data Bus Buffer GeneralRead/Write and Control Logic Basic Functional Description PIN Configuration ResetGroup a and Group B Controls Ports A, B, and C Single Bit Set/Reset Feature Mode SelectionDetailed Operational Description PA 7 ·pAo Operating Modes Mode 0 Basic Input/Output Mode 0 TimingInterrupt Control Functions Mode 0 Configurations Mode 0 Port Definition Chart 119 · / ,4 Operating Modes Mode 1 Strobed Input/Output IBF Input Buffer Full F/F Input Control Signal DefinitionIntr Interrupt Request Inte a Intea Output Control Signal Definition Bi-Directional Bus I/O Control Signal Definition Combinations of ModeOperating Modes Output Operations Mode 2 Bi-directional Timing Mode 2 Control Word Mode 2 and Mode 0 Output Mode 2 Combinations Mode Definition Summary Table Special Mode Combination ConsiderationsSource Current Capability on Port B and Port C Reading Port C Status Printer Interface ApplicationsKeyboard and Display Interface Keyboard and Terminal Address Interface ~.LEFT/RIGHT PCO Silicon Gate MOS Vil Input Low Voltage Characteristics TA = oc to 70C Vee = +5V ±5% vss = OVInput High Voltage Val Output Low Voltage IOl = 1.6mA Time From STB = 0 To IBF Mode 0 Basic Input Mode 1 Strobed Input Mode 2 Bi-directional Page Programmable Communication Interface General Reset ResetReadlWrite Control logic ClK Clock DSR Data Set Ready Modem ControlTxE Transmitter Empty DTR Data Termin·al Ready Receiver Control Receiver BufferRxRDY Receiver Ready RxC Receiver Clock Command Instruction Mode InstructionDetailed Operation Description Programming Asynchronous Mode Transmission Mode Instruction DefinitionAsynchronous Mode Receive Data C~~RACTER Synchronous Mode Receive Synchronous Mode TransmissionMode Instruction Format, Synchronous Mode Synchronous Mode, Transmission Format Command Instruction Format Command Instruction DefinitionStatus Read Definition Status Read Format Asynchronous Interface to Telephone Lines Asynchronous Serial Interface to CRT Terminal, DC-9600 BaudSynchronous Interface to Terminal or Peripheral Device Synchronous Interface to Telephone Lines Capacitance IccIOL Typ TA = oc to 70C VCC = 5.0V ±5% Vss = OV Symbol Parameter SRX ~4IlI RxD~AST BIT ,----1 RXD~ Peripherals Page High Speed 1 OUT of 8 Binary Decoder Enable Gate DecoderSystem Port Decoder Using a very similar circuit to the I/O port decoder, an arChip Select Decoder 24K Memory Interface \lJ Logic Element ExampleJJ,.--+-I----.....1 Ill Typical Characteristics Characteristics TA = OOC to +75C, Vee = 5.0V ±5%Symbol VOL VOH 8205 Address or Enable to Output Delay VS. Load Capacitance Switching Characteristics Conditions of Test Test LoadAddress or Enable to Output Delay VS. Ambient Temperature Test Waveforms PIN Configuration ~ R~ ~ Interrupts in Microcomputer Systems Polled MethodInterrupt Method Current Status Register Priority Encoder INTE, elK Control SignalsElR, ETlG, ENGl AO, A1, A2 Basic Operation Level Controller Level Controller I I Cascading Symbol Parameter Limits Unit Conditions Min Typ.£1 Operating CharacteristicsLos Absolute Maximum Ratings Characteristics and Waveforms TA = oc to +70C, vcc = +5V ±5% Schottky Bipolar 8216 8226 +-......---- n cs Control Gating OlEN, CS Bi-Directional Driver Applications of 8216/8226 Memory and 1/0 Interface to a Bi-directional BusLarge microcomputer systems it is often necessary to pro Input Load Current OlEN, CS VF =0.45 IcC Power Supply Current 120Input Load Current All Other Inputs VF =0.45 Input Leakage Current OlEN, CS VR =5.25V OUT WaveformsPage 8253 8257 8259 Page It uses nMOS technology ~Jmodesof operation are Programmable Interval Timer Preliminary Functional Description Block DiagramSystem Interface System Interface Programmable DMA Controller System Interface Dack 2System Application CS-------It LJJ ROMs RAMs CPU GroupPeripheral Coming Soon Intel ~~~1 735~It-j ·34o~ \.--.J.. ~~~lLead Plastic Dual IN-LINE Package P Lead CerDIP Dual IN-LINE Package D Sales and Marketing Offices Distributors Page Page Page Page Page Page Instruction SET Summary of Processor Instructions By Alphabetical Order Instruction SET Microcomputer System Users Registration Card Microcomputer Systems Bowers Avenue Santa Clara, CA Intel Corporation Inter

?~~----

Figure 2-4. CPU State Transition Diagram

RESET INTERNAL

HOLD F/F

RESET HLTA

8080 specifications