CHAPTER 2
4. Fixing stage
The toner image transferred onto the paper in the transfer stage is held only by electrostatic attraction and a slight physical adhesion, so even a light touch will smear the image.
In the fixing stage, the toner image is fixed by heating the paper and applying pressure. This fuses the toner particles onto the paper to create a permanent image.
Step 6 Fixing
Halogen heater
Upper fixing roller
Toner
Paper
Lower fixing roller
DC bias
Figure
The upper and lower fixing roller surfaces are covered with teflon tubes with a very low adhesive property.
The negative DC bias is applied to the upper fixing roller to prevent the toner from adhering to the rollers.
Step 7 Fixing roller cleaning
Upper roller
Residual toner
Toner
Paper
Fixing cleaning roller 
Lower roller
Figure
In the fixing stage, not all the toner particles are fixed to the paper. In some cases, toner parti- cles on the back of the paper are adhered to the lower roller.
The fixing cleaning roller cleans the lower fixing roller by attracting the residual toner on the lower fixing roller.
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