HP 132A, 53131A To Use Macros (HP BASIC)

Chapter 3 Programming Your Universal Counter for Remote Operation

Elements of SCPI Commands

		To Use Macros (HP BASIC)
10	USER 1	KEYS
20	ON KEY	1 LABEL " Macro Free ",1 CALL Macro_free

30ON KEY 2 LABEL " Enable Macros",1 CALL Macro_enable

40ON KEY 3 LABEL " Display Macros",1 CALL Display_macros

50	ON KEY 4 LABEL " Macro Query",1 CALL Macro_query

60ON KEY 5 LABEL " Define Macro",1 CALL Define_macro

70ON KEY 6 LABEL " Delete Macro",1 CALL Delete_macro

80

ON KEY 7 LABEL " Send

Macro",1 CALL Send_macros

90ON KEY 8 LABEL " Disable Macros",1 CALL Disable_macro

100Loop_h:GOTO Loop_h

110END

120 SUB Macro_free

! Display memory available for macros.

130OUTPUT 703;":MEM:FREE:MACRO?"

140ENTER 703;Macro_free

150DISP "Macro memory free = ";Macro_free

160LOCAL 703

170SUBEND

180 SUB Macro_enable

! Enable macros. Default is disabled

190OUTPUT 703;"*EMC 1"

200DISP "Macros Enabled!"

210LOCAL 703

220SUBEND

230 SUB Disable_macro

! Disable macros.

240OUTPUT 703;"*EMC 0"

250DISP "Macros Disabled!"

260SUBEND

270	SUB Display_macros	! Display available macros.
280	CLEAR SCREEN

290DIM Macros$[6500]

300OUTPUT 703;"*LMC?"

310ENTER 703;Macros$

320PRINT

330PRINT "The following macros are available:"

340PRINT

350PRINT Macros$

360SUBEND

370	SUB Send_macros	! Send a macro command to the counter.
380	CLEAR SCREEN	! A list of macros to choose from is
390	CALL Display_macros	! shown on the computer.
400	DIM Name$[25],Macro$[200],Send$[255]

410LINPUT "Enter the name of the macro",Name$

420IF Name$="" THEN SUBEXIT

430OUTPUT 703;"*GMC? "&CHR$(39)&Name$&CHR$(39)

440ENTER 703;Macro$

450PRINT

460PRINT "Macro ";Name$;" is defined as follows:"

470PRINT

480PRINT Macro$

490LINPUT "Enter the macro name and commands to be sent",Send$

500OUTPUT 703;Send$

510SUBEND

Programming Guide

3-75

Contents

Page Page Page Page 1 Before You Start Command Summary Remote Operation Status Reporting How to Program the Counter for Status Reporting How to Program the Counter to Display Results How to Program the Counter to Synchronize Measurements Operations Writing SCPI Programs Page 4 Command Reference :STATus Subsystem :SYSTem Subsystem :TRACe Subsystem Command) *DMC <string>, <arbitrary block 5 Errors Page Page NOTE Programming Guide Contents HP 53131A Containing Firmware Revisions (3317, 3335, or 3402) Calibrations Utility Differences Between Prior and Current Revisions of the HP 53131A/132A Measurements Statistics ON SINGLE: :CONFigure:TOTalize:TIMed :CONFigure:TOTalize:CONTinuous :MEASure:TOTalize:TIMed HP 53132A Time Interval De lay Arming Getting Started New Users What You Should Understand Learning to Program the Counter Experienced Programmers How to Use This Guide Applications ∙Table of Contents Before You Start Command Summary Command Reference Errors Related Documentation Page Page Page Page Front Panel to SCPI Command Maps Some SCPI Syntax Conventions Input Channels Conditioning Keys to SCPI Command Map Input Channels Conditioning Keys to SCPI Command Map (Cont.) Figure 2-1.Input Channels Conditioning Keys to SCPI Command Map (Part 2 of 2) Instrument Control, Utility, Recall, and Save & Print Keys to SCPI Command Map Page MEASURE Keys to SCPI Command Map MEASURE Keys to SCPI Command Map (Cont.) Figure 2-3.MEASURE Keys to SCPI Command Map (Part 2 of 2) Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 1 of 6) Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Cont.) Freq, Period, Ratio Phase Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 2 of 6) Totalize Rise Time, Fall Time, +/- Pulse Width, Dutycycle Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 3 of 6) Time Interval Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 4 of 6) Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 5 of 6) Figure 2-4.Gate & ExtArm Key to SCPI Command Map (Part 6 of 6) LIMITS and MATH Keys to SCPI Command Map LIMITS and MATH Keys to SCPI Command Map (Cont.) Figure 2-5.LIMITS and MATH Keys to SCPI Command Map (Part 2 of 2) Calibration Menu to SCPI Command Map Calibration Menu to SCPI Command Map (Cont.) Scale & Offset Figure 2-6.Calibration Menu to SCPI Command Map (Part 2 of 2) HP 53131A/132A Command Summary SCPI Conformance Information IEEE 488.2 Common Commands Table 2-1.IEEE 488.2 Common Commands Table 2-1.IEEE 488.2 Common Commands (Continued) HP 53131A/132A SCPI Subsystem Commands is a “Query Only” command Std/New Column Std/New Parameter Form Column Table 2-2.HP 53131A/132A SCPI Command Summary Table 2-2.HP 53131A/132A SCPI Command Summary (Continued) Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Table 2-2A.HP 53132A (S/N Prefix 3646 and Above) Time Interval Arming SCPI Command Summary Arming SCPI Command Summary (Continued) *RST Response Table 2-3.HP 53131A /132A *RST State Table 2-3.HP 53131A/132A *RST State (Continued) Table 2-3B.HP 53132A (S/N 3646 and above) Time Interval *RST State Table 2-4.Unaffected by *RST Page Page ∙ Programming Examples Where to Find Some Specific Information Elements of SCPI Commands Where to Find HP BASIC Programming Examples Where to Find QuickBASIC Programming Examples Where to Find Turbo C Programming Examples Configuring the HP-IB To Set the HP-IBMode and Address Recall (Utility) HP-IB HP-IB: TALK Enter BE SURE to press the Enter key to complete the entry To Connect the Counter to a Computer Figure 3-1. HP-IBInterconnection Remote/Local Operation Save & Print Common Command Format SCPI Command and Query Format Subsystem Command Syntax Figure 3-2.Simplified Program Command Syntax Diagram Common Command Syntax Figure 3-3.Simplified Common Command Syntax Diagram Abbreviated Commands Keyword Separator Optional Keyword Implied Channel (Optional Numeric Keyword Suffix) Parameter Types Table 3-1.Command and Query Parameter Types Parameter Separator Query Parameters Suffixes Suffix Elements Suffix Multipliers Table 3-2.Suffix Multipliers Command Terminator Using Multiple Commands Program Messages Program Message Syntax Figure 3-4.Simplified Program Message Syntax Diagram Page Overview of Response Message Formats Response Messages Response Message Syntax Figure 3-5.Simplified Response Message Syntax Diagram Response Message Data Types Table 3-3.Response Message Data Types Table 3-3.Response Message Data Types (Continued) Page Status Reporting Figure 3-6.HP 53131A/132A SCPI Status Reporting Summary Functional Diagram Status Byte Register and Service Request Enable Register Figure 3-7.Status Byte and Service Request Enable Status Byte Register Table 3-4.Status Byte Register Bits 0–2 Bit 3 (QSB) Bit 4 (MAV) Bit 5 (ESB) Bit 6 (RQS/MSS) Bit 7 (OSB) Service Request Enable Register Standard Event Status Register Group Figure 3-8.Standard Event Status Reporting Standard Event Status Register Table 3-5.Standard Event Status Register Bit 0 (Operation Complete) Bit Bit 2 (Query Error) (Device-Specific Error) Bit 4 (Execution Error) Bit 5 (Command Error) Bit 7 (Power On) Figure 3-9.Operation and Questionable Status Reporting Model Condition Register Transition Filter Table 3-6.Transition Filter Definition Event Register Event Enable Register Operation Status Register Group Table 3-7.Operation Status Register Bit 0 (Calibrating) 1–3 Bit 4 (Measuring) 5–7 Bit 8 (Computing Statistics) Bit 9 (Using Internal Reference) 11–15 Questionable Data/Signal Status Register Group Table 3-8.Questionable Data/Signal Status Register 0–1 Bit 2 (Time) 3–4 Bit 5 (Frequency) Bit 6 (Phase) Bit 10 (Out of Limit Event) 11–13 Bit 14 (Command Warning) Commands to Set Counter for Optimal Throughput Disable auto trigger on measurement channel(s): Set gate/arm to auto for appropriate measurement: Define device trigger to FETC?: Command Settings for Optimizing Throughput Set reference oscillator to non-autostate (internal or external): Disable checking of external source if using external reference oscillator: Disable display: Disable printing: Table 3-9.Typical Optimizing Throughput Results in Measurements per Second How to Program the Counter for Status Reporting Determining the Condition of the Counter Resetting the Counter and Clearing the HP-IBInterface— Example Event Status Register Questionable Data Status Register Example Operation Status Register Figure 3-10.Status Reporting Flowchart (1 of 2) Figure 3-10.Status Reporting Flowchart (2 of 2) Configuring the Counter ’s Display Commands for Displaying Non-Scaled/OffsetResults How to Program the Counter to Display Results Commands for Displaying Scaled/Offset Results Commands for Displaying the Limit Graph Commands for Displaying Statistics Results Commands for Enabling and Disabling the Display How to Program the Counter to Synchronize Measurements Synchronizing Measurement Completion Resetting the Counter and Clearing the HP-IBInterface Using the *WAI Command Using the *OPC? Command Using the *OPC Command to Assert SRQ Page Updating Math and Limit Results Over HP-IB One of the things this command does is disable the automatic automatically How to Program the Counter for Math/Limit Operations Using the Scale and Offset Over HP-IB Page How to Program the Counter to Define Macros Page Page Page Writing SCPI Programs Figure 3-11.SCPI Programming Flowchart (Sheet 1 of 2) Figure 3-11.SCPI Programming Flowchart (Sheet 2 of 2) Programming Examples Using HP BASIC To Send a Double-QuotedString To Send a Single-QuotedString Using QuickBASIC Using Turbo C List of the Programming Examples Easiest Way to Make a Measurement (HP BASIC) Easiest Way to Make a Measurement (HP BASIC) (Continued) To Make a Frequency Measurement (HP BASIC) To Perform Limit Testing (HP BASIC) To Measure the Statistics of 50 Measurements (HP BASIC) To Measure the Statistics of 50 Measurements (HP BASIC) (Continued) To Use Limits to Filter Data Before Measuring Stats (HP BASIC) BASIC) (Continued) To Read and Store Calibration Information (HP BASIC) To Perform a Time Interval Calibration (HP BASIC) To Perform a Time Interval Calibration (HP BASIC) (Continued) Page (Continued) To Optimize Throughput (HP BASIC) To Optimize Throughput (HP BASIC) (Continued) To Use Macros (HP BASIC) To Use Macros (HP BASIC) (Continued) To Make a Frequency Measurement (QuickBASIC) To Perform Limit Testing (QuickBASIC) To Perform Limit Testing (QuickBASIC) (Continued) To Measure the Statistics of 50 Measurements (QuickBASIC) To Measure the Statistics of 50 Measurements (QuickBASIC) (Continued) To Use Limits to Filter Data Before Measuring Stats (QuickBASIC) To Use Limits to Filter Data Before Measuring Stats (QuickBASIC) (Continued) Page To Read and Store Calibration Data (QuickBASIC) To Optimize Throughput (QuickBASIC) To Optimize Throughput (QuickBASIC) (Continued) To Use Macros (QuickBASIC) To Use Macros (QuickBASIC) (Continued) Page To Make a Frequency Measurement (Turbo C) To Make a Frequency Measurement (Turbo C) (Continued) To Use Limits to Filter Data Before Measuring Statistics (Turbo C) To Use Limits to Filter Data Before Measuring Statistics (Turbo C) (Continued) Page To Optimize Throughput (Turbo C) To Optimize Throughput (Turbo C) (Continued) Page Page Page Page :ABORt Page Page :CALCulate[1]:DATA :CALCulate[1]:FEED “[:]SENSe[1]” :CALCulate[1]:IMMediate :CALCulate[1]:IMMediate:AUTO <Boolean :CALCulate[1]:MATH[:EXPRession]:CATalog :CALCulate[1]:MATH[:EXPRession][:DEFine] :CALCulate[1]:MATH[:EXPRession]:NAME SCALE_OFFSET or :CALCulate[1]:MATH[:EXPRession]:SELect SCALE_OFFSET :CALCulate[1]:MATH:STATe <Boolean :CALCulate2:FEED “[:]CALCulate[1]” :CALCulate2:IMMediate :CALCulate2:IMMediate:AUTO <Boolean :CALCulate2:LIMit:CLEar:AUTO <Boolean :CALCulate2:LIMit:CLEar[:IMMediate] :CALCulate2:LIMit:DISPlay GRAPh | NUMBer :CALCulate2:LIMit:FAIL :CALCulate2:LIMit:FCOunt:LOWer :CALCulate2:LIMit:FCOunt[:TOTal] :CALCulate2:LIMit:FCOunt:UPPer :CALCulate2:LIMit:LOWer[:DATA] <numeric_value> [HZ | S |DEG] :CALCulate2:LIMit:PCOunt[:TOTal] :CALCulate2:LIMit:STATe <Boolean :CALCulate2:LIMit:UPPer[:DATA] <numeric_value> [HZ | S | DEG] :CALCulate3:AVERage:ALL :CALCulate3:AVERage:CLEar :CALCulate3:AVERage:COUNt <numeric_value :CALCulate3:AVERage:COUNt:CURRent :CALCulate3:AVERage[:STATe] <Boolean :CALCulate3:AVERage:TYPE MAXimum | MINimum | SDEViation | SCALar or MEAN :CALCulate3:DATA :CALCulate3:FEED “[:]CALCulate[1]” :CALCulate3:LFILter:LOWer[:DATA] <numeric_value> [HZ | S |DEG] :CALCulate3:LFILter:STATe <Boolean :CALCulate3:LFILter:UPPer[:DATA] <numeric_value> [HZ | S | DEG] :CALCulate3:PATH :CALibration[:ALL] :CALibration:COUNt :CALibration:DATA <arbitrary block :CALibration:SECurity:CODE <NRf :CALibration:SECurity:STATe <Boolean>, <NRf Page :CONFigure Subsystem Device Clear :DIAGnostic:CALibration:INPut[1|2]:GAIN: AUTO ONCE | OFF :DIAGnostic:CALibration:INPut[1|2]:OFFSet: :DIAGnostic:CALibration:INTerpolator:AUTO ONCE | OFF |ON :DIAGnostic:CALibration:ROSCillator:AUTO ONCE | OFF :DIAGnostic:CALibration:STATus :DIAGnostic:CALibration:TINTerval:FINE[1|2|3|4] :DIAGnostic:CALibration:TINTerval:QUICk :DISPlay:ENABle <Boolean :DISPlay:MENU[:STATe] OFF :DISPlay[:WINDow]:TEXT:FEED “[:]CALCulate2” | “[:]CALCulate3” :DISPlay[:WINDow]:TEXT:RADix COMMa | DPOint :FETCh Subsystem :FORMat[:DATA] ASCii | REAL Group Execute Trigger (GET) :HCOPy:CONTinuous <Boolean :INITiate:AUTO <Boolean :INITiate:CONTinuous <Boolean Page :INITiate[:IMMediate] Stop/Single :INPut[1|2]:ATTenuation 1 | :INPut[1|2]:COUPling AC | DC :INPut[1|2]:FILTer[:LPASs][:STATe] <Boolean :INPut[1|2]:IMPedance <numeric_value> [OHM] :INPut3:COUPling :INPut3:IMPedance Page Measurement Instructions (:CONFigure, :FETCh, :MEASure, :READ) :CONFigure[:SCALar]:<function> <parameters> [,<source_list>] :CONFigure FETCh[[:SCALar]:<function>] :MEASure[:SCALar]:<function>? <parameters> [,<source_list>] :READ[[:SCALar]:<function>] Page Page Descriptions of the Measurement Functions— <function Firmware Revision CAUTION :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:DCYCle? [<reference>][,(@1)] Page :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:FALL:TIME? (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:FREQuency? (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:FREQuency:RATio? [<expected_value>[,<resolution>]] [, (@1), (@2) | (@1), (@3) | (@2), (@1) | (@3), (@1) ] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:FREQuency:RATio? (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:MAXimum? [(@1)|(@2)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:MINimum? [(@1)|(@2)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:NWIDth? [<reference>][,(@1)] Page :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:PERiod? (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:PHASe? [(@1),(@2)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:PTPeak? [(@1)|(@2)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:PWIDth? [<reference>][,(@1)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:PWIDth? [<reference>][,(@1)] (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:RISE:TIME? (Cont.) :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:TINTerval? [(@1),(@2)] :CONFigure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:TOTalize:CONTinuous [(@1)] :MEASure[:SCALar][:VOLTage]:TOTalize:TIMed? [<gate_time>][,(@1)] How to Use the Measurement Instruction Commands Using :MEAsure How to Use the Measurement Instruction Commands (Cont.) Using :CONFigure with :READ Using :CONFigure with :INITiate and :FETCh Firmware Revision Work-AroundCommands Firmware Revision Page :MEMory:DELete:MACRo<string :MEMory:FREE:MACRo :MEMory:NSTates [:SENSe]:DATA? [“[:]SENSe[1]”] [:SENSe]:EVENt2:FEED “[:]INPut[1] | [:]INPut2” [:SENSe]:EVENt[1|2]:HYSTeresis:RELative <numeric_value> [PCT] [:SENSe]:EVENt[1|2]:LEVel[:ABSolute] <numeric_value> [V] [:SENSe]:EVENt[1|2]:LEVel[:ABSolute]:AUTO <Boolean [:SENSe]:EVENt[1|2]:LEVel:RELative <numeric_value> [PCT] [:SENSe]:EVENt[1|2]:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:EVENt3:LEVel[:ABSolute] [:SENSe]:EVENt3:SLOPe [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM[:STARt]:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM[:STARt]:SOURce IMMediate |EXTernal [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM:STOP:DIGits <numeric_value [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM:STOP:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM:STOP:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal | TIMer | DIGits [:SENSe]:FREQuency:ARM:STOP:TIMer <numeric_value> [S] [:SENSe]:FREQuency:EXPected[1|2|3] <numeric_value> [HZ] [:SENSe]:FREQuency:EXPected[1|2|3]:AUTO ON [:SENSe]:FUNCtion[:ON] <sensor_function Page [:SENSe]:PHASe:ARM[:STARt]:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:PHASe:ARM[:STARt]:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal [:SENSe]:ROSCillator:EXTernal:CHECk ON | OFF | ONCE [:SENSe]:ROSCillator:EXTernal:FREQuency [:SENSe]:ROSCillator:SOURce INTernal | EXTernal [:SENSe]:ROSCillator:SOURce:AUTO <Boolean [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM[:STARt]:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM[:STARt]:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:STOP:SOURce IMMediate | TIMer [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:STOP:TIMer <numeric_value> [S] Page [:SENSe]:TINTerval Subtree (HP 53132A With S/N Prefix 3646 and Above) [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART and :ESTOP Subtrees (HP 53132A With S/N Prefix 3646 and Above) Page [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART:LAYer2:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART:LAYer2:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART[:LAYer[1]]:ECOunt <numeric_value [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART[:LAYer[1]]:SOURce IMMediate | TIMer | INTernal[1] [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTART[:LAYer[1]]:TIMer <numeric_value> [S] [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTOP:LAYer2:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTOP:LAYer2:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTOP[:LAYer[1]]:ECOunt <numeric_value [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTOP[:LAYer[1]]:SOURce IMMediate | TIMer | INTernal2 [:SENSe]:TINTerval:ARM:ESTOP[:LAYer[1]]:TIMer <numeric_value> [S] [:SENSe]:TOTalize:ARM[:STARt]:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:TOTalize:ARM[:STARt]:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal [:SENSe]:TOTalize:ARM:STOP:SLOPe POSitive | NEGative [:SENSe]:TOTalize:ARM:STOP:SOURce IMMediate | EXTernal TIMer [:SENSe]:TOTalize:ARM:STOP:TIMer <numeric_value> [S] :STATus:OPERation:CONDition :STATus:OPERation:ENABle <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :STATus:OPERation[:EVENt] :STATus:OPERation:NTRansition <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :STATus:OPERation:PTRansition <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :STATus:PRESet :STATus:QUEStionable:CONDition :STATus:QUEStionable:ENABle <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :STATus:QUEStionable[:EVENt] :STATus:QUEStionable:NTRansition <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :STATus:QUEStionable:PTRansition <non-decimalnumeric> | <NRf :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SERial:CONTrol:DTR IBFull | ON | LIMit :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SERial:TRANsmit:BAUD <numeric_value :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SERial:TRANsmit:PACE XON | NONE :SYSTem:COMMunicate:SERial:TRANsmit:PARity[:TYPE] EVEN | ODD | NONE :SYSTem:ERRor :SYSTem:KEY <numeric_value Page :SYSTem:KEY:LOG :SYSTem:VERSion :TRACe:CATalog OFFSET <numeric_value> [HZ | S | DEG] <arbitrary block :TRACe[:DATA] SCALE, <numeric_value :TRACe[:DATA] SCALE, <arbitrary block SCALE :TRIGger:COUNt:AUTO <Boolean *CAL *CLS *DDT <arbitrary block *DMC <string>, <arbitrary block *EMC <NRf *EMC *ESE <NRf *ESE *ESR *GMC? <string *IDN *LMC *OPC *OPC *OPT *PMC *RCL <NRf *RST *SAV <NRf *SRE <NRf *SRE *STB *TRG *TST *WAI *WAI (Wait-to-ContinueCommand) Page HP-IB <error number>, <error string -113,“Undefined header” +0, “No error” Error Queue 350, “Queue overflow” +0, “No error” Error Types Table 5-1.Error Types No Error 0, “No error” Command Error Execution Error Device- or Counter-SpecificError Query Error Table Errors Table 5-2.Errors (Continued)