Notations Used to Express Syntax | HP 5961-0509 specs

The next section explains how the syntax of individual commands is presented.

Notations Used to Express Syntax

The following describes the notations used in the syntax section of each command description:

Mnemonic

For readability, the mnemonic is shown in uppercase and separated from the parameters and/or terminator.

parameters

Parameters are shown in italic.

[ ]

Parameters in square brackets are optional.

[param1,param2...[,param1,param2]]

These optional parameters must be paired.

params...params

These parameters may be given the number of times specified in the command description.

text...text

This parameter indicates that you can type in a range of ASCII characters, such as in the Label (LB) command.

(....)

Indicates that you can use a range of the previous parameter; however, all X coordinates must have a corresponding Y coordinate.

17-8An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics

EN

Image 378

HP 5961-0509 manual Notations Used to Express Syntax

Contents

Page Page PCL 5 Printer LanguageTechnical Reference Manual HP Part No First Edition OctoberPage Printing History Trademark Credits Experienced Users Inside This ManualWhat You Can Learn From This Manual Non-technical Users Application notes can be obtained through the HP Forum on Chapter SummariesSoftware packages, refer to HP’s Software Application Notes Brief description of each chapter is provided below Fonts Macros PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Viii Configuration and Status Group Related Documentation PCL 5 Comparison Guide Contents Print Environment Decipoints Columns & Rows Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints CommandCursor Positioning Units BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab Contents-4 10-4 MSL Symbol Index Example 10-1410-2 10-5 First Code UI 11-30 Last Code / Number of Characters UI 11-29Text Height UI 11-29 Height Extended UB 11-31 Cap Height UI Macro Control Example 16-6 Symbol Set Response 16-18Contents-8 16-8 17-9 17-217-3 Parameter Formats 17-10 19-8 19-319-4 Enlarging or Reducing a Picture 19-8 21-6 21-221-3 21-10 ExampleUsing the FI Command 23-54 ExampleUsing the DR Command 23-41ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-49 ExampleUsing the FN Command 23-57 Error HMI Contents-14 HP PCL PCL Printer Language Architecture 2Introduction to HP PCL What are Printer Commands? PCL CommandsControl Codes HP-GL/2 Commands PJL Commands4Introduction to HP PCL Syntax of Escape Sequences Two-Character Escape SequencesTwo-character escape sequences have the following form Parameterized Escape Sequences Parameterized Character a character from6Introduction to HP PCL Case l for clarity Character and a termination character. This escape sequence?&l1O and ?&l2A 8Introduction to HP PCL Introduction Logical 2The Printed Dots HP LaserJet printerMore information Current top margin position PCL Coordinate SystemPCL coordinate system is defined as shown in Figure Is changed Decipoints Units of the PCL Coordinate SystemPCL Units Columns & Rows Not affected by the PCL print direction Used. The default HP-GL/2 picture frame is the current topHP-GL/2 Picture Frame 6The Printable Area Portrait Logical Page & Printable Area BoundariesAt 300 DPI double for 600 DPI Landscape Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries 8The Is positioned using the Left Registration command Printable Area Character Cell Positioning 10The Describes the Factory Default Environment, the User Default Group of all of the printer’s current feature settingsMaintains four print environments the Factory Default Printer commands select other settings Factory Default Print Environment Features Factory Default EnvironmentDefault settings for specific printers, refer to PCL Context Picture Frame Height Factory Default Print Environment Features PCL ContextLine Termination Picture Frame Width Pattern Rotation Macro ID Current Location Type Current Location Unit 4The Print Environment Factory Default Print Environment Features HP-GL/2 Context Symbol Set Polygon Buffer Font Spacing Polygon Mode PitchScale Mode User Default Environment 6The Print Environment PCL Context HP-GL/2 Context Modified Print EnvironmentItems Not Included in Modified Print Environment Printers, refer to the PCL 5 Comparison Guide Command and the EC%-12345Xcommand Universal Exit Resetting the Print EnvironmentPrinter Reset Critical. Refer to -1 for an example of their usage Cold Reset 10The Print Environment Structure of a Typical Job Preamble Printer Reset Command 2PCL Job Control Commands Universal Exit Language Command ? % 1 2 3 4 5 Example Number of Copies Command4PCL Job Control Commands ? & l # Are bound along the width of the physical page see Figure Simplex/Duplex Print CommandFeature print in simplex mode front side of sheet only Be a concern if available user memory is critical Long-Edge Binding Mode Short-Edge Binding Mode = The number of decipoints 1/720 inch Left Offset Registration Command? & l # U Negative values cause it to move right refer to -4 Top Offset Registration Command 8PCL Job Control Commands? & l # Z Short-Edge Binding Mode Offsets ?&a#G Duplex Page Side Selection Command10PCL Job Control Commands ?&a1G ? & l 1 T Job Separation CommandSeparation, the command is ignored Separation will be performed 12PCL Job Control Commands Output Bin Selection CommandDual output bin feature, it is ignored ? & l # G = 1 Upper Output Bin Lower Rear Output Bin # =Number of units-per-inch Unit of Measure Command? & u # D Information Relative error when mapped to 3600 14PCL Job Control CommandsOver 7200=0.3332 4801-3600over 3600=0.3336 Dpi print resolution Units moves the cursor 1.5 inches, whether printed at 300 or 16PCL Job Control Commands If a number of consecutive pages within a job have the same Control commands and data are associated with eachCommand Only once for that group of pages. Remember, once a PCL ? & l # a Size Command2Page Control Commands Paper LaserJet+, or the LaserJet 500+ printers ? & l3A To feed paper from the manual feed slot, send 4Page Control Commands? & l # H ?&l2H Logical Page Orientation Command ? & l # O# = 0 Portrait Landscape Reverse Portrait Reverse Landscape HP-GL/2 State Variables Orientation With Default Print Direction 8Page Control Commands Command ?&l#O or the HP-GL/2 RO command Print Direction CommandPrint Direction does not default HMI ? & a # P 10Page Control Commands Changing Print Direction on a Text Area 12Page Control Commands Text Area Within # = Column number Left Margin Command? & a # L To set the left margin to column 5, send ? & a # M Right Margin Command?&a45M 14Page Control Commands To set the right margin to column 45, send Clear Horizontal Margins Command Top Margin Command ?&l4E 16Page Control Commands? & l # E First line of the logical page is line Margin Cursor Positioning Text Length Command ?&l6ØF 18Page Control Commands? & l # F Perforation Skip Command ? & l # L Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command 20Page Control Commands? & k # H Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command ? & l # C Vertical Motion Index VMI Command22Page Control Commands # = number of 1/48 inch increments between rows Common VMI Settings ?&l5.45C 5.45 = 7.5/66 x Line Spacing Command Cursor Positioning Absolute vs. Relative Cursor Positioning 2Cursor Positioning Cursor Positioning Units 4Cursor Positioning Horizontal Cursor Positioning Columns Command ? & a # C = Number of ColumnsWidth of a column is defined by the current HMI # = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command? & a # H 6Cursor Positioning = Number of PCL Units Horizontal Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command? * p # Logical SP Space Horizontal Cursor Positioning Control CodesCR Carriage Return Inch, the HMI is rounded to the nearest 1/300 inch BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab = Number of Rows Vertical Cursor Positioning Rows Command? & a # R Position on Vertical Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command ? & a #= Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch # = Number of PCL Units Vertical Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command? * p # Y 12Cursor Positioning LF Line Feed Half-Line Feed CommandVertical Cursor Positioning Control Codes FF Form Feed # = 0- CR=CR LF=LF FF=FF Line Termination Command? & k # G 14Cursor Positioning Push/Pop Cursor Position Command ? & f # S 16Cursor Positioning Fonts Font Sources 2Fonts Symbol Set Printers. See for more information Spacing 4Fonts Pitch Height Stroke Weight Style6Fonts Typeface Family Typeface Orientation 8Fonts Bitmap Fonts and Scalable Typefaces 11 Bitmap Character 12 Scalable Character Internal Fonts Special Effects Fonts PCL Font Selection Font Selection Priority Font Priority Considerations2PCL Font Selection Priority of Locations Font, followed by a 300 dpi bitmapped soft font Typeface Family Courier Font Select TableMediumÍ 4PCL Font Selection Primary and Secondary Fonts Font ResolutionCharacteristics be sent to ensure that the correct font is Selection method. However, HP recommends that all Symbol Set Command EC ID Secondary Symbol Set Command6PCL Font Selection Example Typical Symbol Set ValuesSymbol Set Name Symbol Set ID ISO 6ASCII Bit ISO Symbol Sets 8PCL Font Selection Spacing Command Pitch Command 10PCL Font Selection Vendor Select table See Font Selection by ID Command later in thisCourier is very close to 60% of an Em, and 30 = 1 ÷ 0.64 ÷ Chapter for more information Height Command 12PCL Font Selection ID Command later in this chapter for more information To specify a height of 12 points for the primary font, send Value Font Styles Style CommandCommon Font Styles 14PCL Font Selection Available for the next selection 255 to 0-32767. This expansion allows for additional stylesDescribed under Style MSB in Chapter To specify an upright style for the primary font, send Stroke Weight Command Stroke Weights To specify a bold stroke weight for the primary font, send Instead Comparison Guide, for future typeface selection Typeface Family CommandComparison Guide for typeface values 18PCL Font Selection ECs4101T Sample Typeface ValuesFamilyValue Typeface Family ECs0T 20PCL Font Selection Font Selection Examples Bitmap, Fixed-Spaced Font Scalable, Proportional-Spaced Font Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic Eliminated before the selection process begins Thinner stroke weight is selected 24PCL Font Selection Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic Font Selectionby ID Command Characteristic is not changed26PCL Font Selection HP-GL/2 Font Selection Select Default Font CommandCharacteristic is not affected by the default font command Examples Transparent Print Data Command 28PCL Font Selection Underline Command EC & d @ Disable underlineAligned or be the same thickness 30PCL Font Selection Font Management Downloading Soft Fonts 2Font Management Deleting Fonts Whenever the printer’s power is turned offTemporary vs. Permanent Fonts Appropriate printer User’s Manual for specifics Font ID Command 4Font Management To remove only those soft fonts that are temporary, send Font Control CommandTo remove all soft fonts from user memory, send To delete the soft font with an ID of 1, send 6Font Management Font Management Example Designate the permanent soft font as primary Font Selection and Unbound Fonts Unbound Scalable FontsBound and Unbound Fonts 8Font Management Symbol Collections Various collectionsComplement number Character Complement Numbers Character Requirements Number10Font Management Symbol Set Mapping Table Final Font Selection Roman-8 Symbol Index Mapping MSL Index Unicode Index Character Code Decimal Hexadecimal12Font Management Printing a Character 14Font Management User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Set Control EC*c#S Symbol Set ID code = # * 32 + ID Symbol Set ID Code Command# = Symbol Set ID Code decimal 10-2User-Defined Symbol SetsPage User-Defined Symbol Set Defintion Format Define Symbol SetData format for the user-defined symbol set is shown 10-4User-Defined Symbol Sets ULI Header Size UIFont Header Field Data Type Notation Unsigned Long Integer 10-6User-Defined Symbol Sets Encoded Symbol Set Designator UISymbol Set Type UB Format UB First Code UI Last Code UISpecifies the first character code in the set 10-8User-Defined Symbol Sets Ascii not required 001 Unicode Symbol IndexAscii required such as ISO 6 Ascii French 10-10User-Defined Symbol Sets Bit Field Designated Use Value Hex MeaningMSL Symbol Map Array of UI Symbol Set Control Command 10-12User-Defined Symbol Sets User-Defined Symbol Set Examples Unicode Symbol Index ExampleSymbol Map Data MSL Symbol Index Example 10-14User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Map Data 10-16User-Defined Symbol Sets Soft Font Creation HP LaserJet printer PCL bitmap, Intellifont scalable, Font ID Command Font HeaderFont Classifications 11-2Soft Font Creation This manual, for information on how to obtain this document Intellifont Scalable Fonts Coordinate SystemBitmap Fonts Fonts to match the paper’s physical coordinate system TrueType Scalable Fonts Agfa Design Window Font Header Format Font Header CommandDefault Range This chapter Format 0 Font Header for PCL Bitmapped Fonts Byte 15 MSB LSB 15 MSB LSB Format 20 Font Header for Resolution-SpecifiedBitmapped 11-8Soft Font Creation Font Name Resolution Copyright optional Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Scalable Font Number 11-10Soft Font Creation Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Global Intellifont Data Size Or Threshold Global Italic Angle Font Name Scale Factor ResolutionMaster Underline Thickness Character Complement Format 15 Font Header for TrueType Scalable Fonts Global Intellifont DataCopyright optional Reserved Checksum Byte 15 MSB LSB0 Data Types Font Header Field Data Type Notation11-14Soft Font Creation Font Type UB Font Descriptor Size UIHeader Format UB Header Format Values Value Posture StyleWord partial sum Style MSB UIRefer to for more information Alternate Italic Appearance Width Multiply by 4 for StyleWord partial sum Cell Height UI Baseline Position UICell Width UI 11-18Soft Font Creation Orientation UB Character Cell Bitmap Bitmap Font Unsupported values invalidate font creation Symbol Set UISpacing B Scalable Font set to zero Pitch UI Height UI XHeight UI11-22Soft Font Creation Width Type SB Stroke Weight SB14 Stroke Weight Values Style LSB UB Semi Bold Demi Bold Typeface UBCurrent Usage Extra Bold Black Extra Black Ultra Black Current Vendor Number Values Value Vendor Vendor Version Previous Usage17 Typeface Family Value Previous 18 Previous Vendor Number Values Serif Style UB Serif Style ValuesValue Serif Style Quality UB Placement SB21 Bitmap Font Placement Values 19 Serif Style Values Text Height UI Underline Position Distance SBUnderline Thickness UB Text Width UI Font Type First Code../..Last Code Last Code / Number of Characters UIPitch Extended UB 11-30Soft Font Creation Height Extended UB Cap Height UIScalable Font Set Pitch Extended field to zero Agfa Font Number ULIInitial HexValue Vendor Name Bigelow && Holmes This field is ignored by the printer for bitmap fonts Resolution UIFont Name ASC16 Necessary for TrueType fonts Master Underline Thickness Height UI Scale Factor UIMaster Underline Position SI Font Scaling Technology UB Global Italic Angle SI Variety UBOr Threshold UI Global Intellifont Data Size UI MSL Symbol Index Unicode Symbol Index11-36Soft Font Creation 27 MSL Symbol Index Character Complement Bits Bit Value 28 Unicode Symbol Index Character Complement Bits Unicode11-38Soft Font Creation Segmented Font Data Format ChecksumCopyright Segment Value Mnemonic Data Segment Segment Identifier UI30 Segmented Font Data 11-40Soft Font Creation Data segments with an unrecognized identifier are ignored Segment Size UIFormats of Data Segments GI Global Intellifont Data Reserved for future use PF PS-Compatible Font Name Reserved for future use ChecksumIf Intellifont Face Data Reserved for future use 11-42Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples Bitmap Example Pitch Extended Height Extended Cap Height Intellifont Scalable ExampleFirst Code Last Code 56.02% of Em Design Height 29.63% Em Default HMIReference in Design Points 11-46Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples Character Definitions 11-48Soft Font Creation Character Code Command Symbol index value=character code Character Definition Command 11-50Soft Font Creation Character descriptors Character Descriptor FormatsCharacter Descriptor and Data Format for PCL Bitmap Fonts 34 Character Descriptors/Data Continuation Block Format UB Format Continuation non-zero Raster Character Data in bytes11-52Soft Font Creation Continuation B Descriptor Size UBClass UB Class 1 Bitmap Data Class 2 Compressed Bitmap Data11-54Soft Font Creation Class 2 Character Data Top Offset SI Orientation UBLeft Offset SI Portrait Landscape Reverse portrait Reverse landscape Delta X SI Character Width UICharacter Height UI Character Data Portrait Character Example 11-58Soft Font Creation Landscape Character Example Reserved Checksum2 41 Intellifont Scalable Contour Data Format11-60Soft Font Creation Contour Tree Data XY Coordinate Data LaserJet Family Raster 11-62Soft Font Creation Contour Data Size UI Class 3 -Intellifont Scalable Character Contour DataClass 4 Intellifont Scalable Compound Character Data Metric Data Offset SI XY Data Offset SI Character Intellifont Data Offset SIContour Tree Offset SI Metric Data Number of Components UB Character Descriptor and Data Format for TrueType FontsCompound Character Escapement SI Component List Format Continuation Descriptor Size Class Character Data Size Desc Glyph ID11-66Soft Font Creation Desc Size Beginning of TrueType Glyph Data Intellifont Scalable 11-68Soft Font Creation TrueType Glyph Data Character Data Size UIGlyph ID UI Checksum UB 52 Character Format, Continuation, and Descriptor Character Definition ExamplesBitmap Portrait Character Example 11-70Soft Font Creation 53 Portrait Character Data Example Dot RowDecimal Equivalent Bitmap Landscape Character Example 54 Character Format, Continuation and Descriptor11-72Soft Font Creation 55 Landscape Character Data Example 11-74Soft Font Creation HP-GL/2 commands are not supported within macros on all When printing letters, for example, which include a companyPrinter, initiates the command sequence to print Concern, a possible solution might be an HP custom macro 12-2Macros Macro Creation MacroDefinition End of the macro data definition Macro Invocation 12-4Macros Temporary / Permanent Macros HP-GL/2 Context # =Macro ID number Deleting MacrosMacro ID To establish a macro ID number of 5, send Macro Control Execute another macro two levels of nesting are allowed ROM-Based Macros 12-8Macros Macro Control Example Macros PCL Print Model Source Image Source Transparency ModePattern Destination Image Pattern Transparency Mode Opaque and Transparency Modes Effect of Transparency Modes on Images 13-4The PCL Print Model Command Sequence Operation Comments Source Transparency Mode Command End of Page Data13-6The PCL Print Model Pattern Transparency Mode Command Were opaque white rules erase black rules regardless Selecting Cross-Hatch Pattern ID Area Fill ID CommandDefault No pattern Range Selecting Shaded patterns Patterns Area Fill Graphics. It is duplicated here for convenience Shading Patterns 13-10The PCL Print Model Cross-Hatch Patterns Pattern E #T and the Pattern ID E Select Current Pattern CommandShading pattern Cross-hatch pattern User-defined pattern 13-12The PCL Print Model User-Defined Pattern Graphics User-Defined Pattern Implementation Pattern Reference Point Tile point is moved for the next fill area13-14The PCL Print Model Moving Pattern Reference Point for Pattern Filling User-Defined Pattern Command User-Defined Pattern Header 300 dpi resolutionResolution-Specified User-Defined Pattern Header Format Byte Continuation BytePixel Encoding Byte Reserved Byte Master X Resolution UIMaster Y Resolution UI Height in Pixels Bytes 4 User-defined Pattern Example 13-20The PCL Print Model Send the pattern header and binary data FF FF Set Pattern Reference Point Command 13-22The PCL Print Model Pattern Control Command 13-24The PCL Print Model Rectangular Area Fill Procedure 14-1,cross-hatch pattern -2, or user-defined Decipoints=E #H, or PCL Units=E *c#A 14-2PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Measure Command in Chapter Horizontal Rectangle Size Decipoints CommandHorizontal Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Measure is set to 600 units-per-inch Vertical Rectangle Size Decipoints Command Vertical Rectangle Size PCL Units Command14-4PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Selecting Shaded Patterns # = Thru 2 = 1- 2% shade Pattern #1Selecting User-Defined patterns1 14-6PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shading Patterns 14-8PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Fill Rectangular Area Command 14-10PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Pattern Transparency for Rectangular Area Fill Effect of Transparency Modes on Rectangular Areas 14-12PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Rectangular Area Fill Examples Pre-defined Pattern ExamplesSolid Fill Black/White Shaded Fill 14-14PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shaded Fill Example Cross-hatch Fill 14-16PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Patterned Fill Example User-Defined Pattern Fill Example 14-18PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Raster Graphics Raster Area 15-2Raster GraphicsPage Raster Graphics Command Sequence 15-4Raster Graphics Test, font printout, or power cycle Raster Compression are all true modes. Once specified,To the printable area Raster Graphics Resolution Command Requires 540,000 bits15-6Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Expansion at 300 dpi Raster Graphics Expansion at 600 dpi Orientation Default Graphics Margin Raster Graphics Presentation Mode CommandDefault Range Raster Portrait Logical page left bound Reverse portrait Landscape Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Portrait Orientation Landscape Dots in from the logical Top bound Reverse Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Landscape Orientation 15-10Raster Graphics Raster Height Command Cursor Maximum Raster Height 15-12Raster Graphics Raster Width Command Start Raster Graphics Command 15-14Raster Graphics Raster Y Offset Command Method nor the left raster graphics margin Run-length Encoding Method Set Compression Method CommandUnencoded Method 15-16Raster Graphics Tagged Image File Format Encoding Method Literal Pattern Values No Operation ValueRepeated Pattern Values Examples Run-length and Tiff Compression Byte Number Bits Command byte1 to 8 Replacement bytes Delta Row Compression Method15-20Raster Graphics Command Byte Seed Row 15-22Raster Graphics Next delta row is applied to a zeroed seed row Printing a Zeroed Row Setting the Seed Row to ZeroRepeating a Row Previous row to be replicated Example Delta Row Compression Byte Row15-24Raster Graphics Adaptive Compression Method Value Compression Operation Empty Row Duplicate Row15-26Raster Graphics Adaptive Compression Operation Hints 15-28Raster Graphics Transfer Raster Data Command End Raster Graphics Command 15-30Raster Graphics 11 Example of Raster Graphic Image Data Command DataRaster Graphics Example Dot Row Byte 15-32Raster Graphics 11Example of Raster Graphic Image Data 15-34Raster Graphics Status Readback Description Data Memory Status RequestMemory Status Request Example 16-2Status Readback Entity Status Status response sent from printer to hostPCL Info Memory TOTAL=100000 LARGEST=25000 PCL Example PCL Operation Command CommentsEntity Status Request Example Info Fonts Status Response Ignore lines with keywords they do not recognize Status Response SyntaxValue field Two example status responses are shown below Feed decimal 12 control codes. The Esc following Example listings, CR, LF, and FF identifyCarriage Return decimal 13, Line Feed decimal 10, and Form Control code decimal Set Status Readback Location Type Command 16-8Status Readback Set Status Readback Location Unit Command Set Status Readback Location Unit CommandLocation Type Unit Inquire Status Readback Entity Command 16-10Status Readback Entity Status Responses Symbol set are described belowSELECT= SYMBOLSETS= LOCTYPE= LOCUNIT= Font Response Bitmap Fonts Scalable Fonts16-12Status Readback Unbound Scalable Fonts Soft FontsLocation Type 1 Currently Selected Font LOCUNIT=1 16-14Status Readback Font Extended Response None Macros and returns an error ERROR=NONE Macro Response16-16Status Readback User-Defined Pattern Response Macro status response might appear as shown below Unit Symbol Set ResponseSymbol set response might appear as shown below 16-18Status Readback Entity Error Codes Invalid Entity Invalid Location None Internal Error Memory, an internal error is returned, as shown below Given16-20Status Readback Free Space Command Memory Status Response Free Space status response returns two values16-22Status Readback Memory Error Response LARGEST=25000 Is processed and ejected from the paper path Flush All Pages CommandAll page data including the partial page will be processed 16-24Status Readback Echo Command Echo command followed by a Free Space command. The printer Echo command returns the following response Echo Response16-26Status Readback Status Readback Programming Hints 16-28Status Readback 17-1 Learning HP-GL/2 HP-GL/2 Commands and Syntax HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 2 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 3 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 4 FI1FN1 SV1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 5Understanding HP-GL/2 Syntax TR1 Typical HP-GL/2 Command Notations Used to Express Syntax Omitting Optional Parameters LT6,25,1 Parameter Formats LT6LT6,1 Page PM1/PM2 forms of PM Down until a PD command is receivedPR, RA, RR, RT, and WG 17-12An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Using HP-GL/2 With Programming Languages ExampleBASIC ExampleC Programming Language 17-14An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics HP-GL/2 Coordinate System Coordinate System to Match the PCL System in Chapter Parentheses X,Y for clarity. Do not use parentheses in your Using the default HP-GL/2 coordinate system, the origin isMode 17-16An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Matches the PCL orientation. -7 shows how the RO Command modifies the default HP-GL/2 orientationHP-GL/2 & PCL Orientation Interactions Change in PCL print direction has no effect on the HP-GL/2 Modifying HP-GL/2 Orientation on a Portrait 17-18An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Vector Graphics Limits Printer’s printable limits, see Chapter User-units HP-GL/2 Units of MeasurePlotter Units PlotterUnits EquivalentValue Pen Status and Location Pen Status Commands That Include an Automatic Pen Down Command Group Pen Location Scaling 17-24An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Absolute and Relative Pen Movement Absolute Coordinates Coordinates as the opposite corner As absolute plotter units unless a PR Plot Relative commandSC command is in effect Numbers and therefore transmit less data over the I/O Picture Frame Defining the Image AreaPCL Picture Frame 18-2The Picture Frame Creating a Page Size-Independent Plot Enlarged or reduced to fit the PCL Picture Frame the amount Size. See to specify an HP-GL/2 plot size18-4The Picture Frame Typical HP-GL/2 PlotCommand Sequence Example Creating and Using a PCL Picture Frame 18-6The Picture Frame Current HP-GL/2 pen position Width of the current logical When the print direction is set to 0 degrees the defaultHorizontal Picture Frame Size Valid to 4 decimal places Vertical Picture Frame Size Decipoints Print direction is Logical page and the default top marginSet Picture Frame Anchor Point Anchor point or the picture frame Default HP-GL/2 Plot Horizontal SizeRange To 32767 valid to 4 decimal places HP-GL/2 Plot Vertical Size 18-12The Picture Frame Enter HP-GL/2 Mode EC % # BEC%1B EC%0A Enter PCL ModeMapped to 18-14The Picture Frame Default Settings Example Creating a Simple Drawing 18-16The Picture Frame INSP1 Borders PU50,50CI25Circle with a radius that is 25% 18-18The Picture Frame Configuration and Status Group To their default conditions Configuration and Status Group CommandsCommand Summary 19-2The Configuration and Status Group Environment and how it is affected by the reset command Establishing Default ConditionsLanguage mode, you should establish default conditions at DF command is not as powerful as the in command. Using the Scale Command 19-4The Configuration and Status GroupScaling Points P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Default P1 and P2 19-6The Configuration and Status Group Arc that falls within the effective window is printed New P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Negative Values Using Scaling Effectively 19-8The Configuration and Status GroupEnlarging or Reducing a Picture Example Changing the Size of a Drawing EC%0B 19-10The Configuration and Status Group Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a Example Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a Enter HP-GL/2 mode, usingReset the printer to complete the job EC&l1O Select landscape orientation 19-12The Configuration and Status Group Creating Mirror-Images Send a reset to end the job and eject Enter HP-GL/2 modeEnter the PCL mode Example Creating a Mirror-Image PA1,2PD1,4,3,4,3,7,2,7 19-14The Configuration and Status GroupSubroutine Subroutine that prints the arrow figure on the next Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System to Match the PCL SystemExample Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System 19-16The Configuration and Status Group EC%1A Enter the PCL mode with the CAP at Four Types of Line Segments Windowing Setting Up Soft-Clip Limits19-18The Configuration and Status Group Type From Last Point To New Point Function Command Default Condition DF, Default ValuesDefault Conditions CO, Comment 19-20The Configuration and Status Group LO1SB0 Related commands IN, Initialize PD, PU Affected Commands GroupDF, RO, IP WU, PW Parameter Format Functional Range Default IP, Input P1 and P2 11 Commands Affected by P1/P2 19-24The Configuration and Status Group Related Commands Group IR, Input Relative P1 and P2IW, Input Window RO, Rotate Coordinate System SC, Scale Functional Parameter Format Range Default 19-26The Configuration and Status GroupIR, Input Relative P1 and P2 10Example P1 and P2 command 13 Commands Affected by P1/P2 19-28The Configuration and Status Group IW, Input Window IP, Input P1 and P2Current 30 to 2 30 15 Example The IW Command 19-30The Configuration and Status Group Lbthis is AN Example IW@ 13Example IW command 19-32The Configuration and Status Group PG, Advance Full Same position on the next RO, Rotate Coordinate System RO command19-34The Configuration and Status Group Angle of Rotation Scaling points P1 and P2 rotate with the coordinate system Positive angle of rotationLocation to reflect the new orientation Upper-right corners of the picture frame 15Using the RO Command Without Using the IP 19-36The Configuration and Status Group 16Using IP after the RO Command 19-38The Configuration and Status Group Input Relative P1 and P2 IW, Input Window Source defaults the HP-GL/2 pen position Illustration, see Number of Copies Command in ChapterRP, Replot SC, Scale Real 30 to 2 30 No default19-40The Configuration and Status Group Parameter Format Scaling Form For Scaling Types 0Scaling Form Type Description Syntax 19-42The Configuration and Status Group 18Isotropic Scaling 19-44The Configuration and Status Group For Scaling TypeScaling Form Type Syntax SC, Scale 23 Possible Error Conditions for SC Condition Printer Response Pen location through two Vector Group CommandsBezier Relative Draws a bezier curve using Absolute points Drawing Lines Relative points20-2The Vector Group Example Drawing Lines EC%ØBEC%ØA %ØB Drawing CirclesExample Drawing Circles %ØA To enable printing Drawing ArcsExample Drawing Arcs Draw the arc for 180 in a negative angle Rotation20-6The Vector Group Drawing arcs 2 Drawing Bezier Curves Example Drawing Bezier Curves20-8The Vector Group Current units 30 to 2 30 No default Sweep angle Clamped real 32768 to No default Chord angleAA, Arc Absolute 20-10The Vector Group Enable printing SP1 Select pen number 1. Even though there is no 20-12The Vector Group LA, Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width Current 30 to 2 30 No defaultAR, Arc Relative Circle that would be drawn if the arc was 360 degrees Example Using Arc Relative to Draw Arcs 20-14The Vector Group Line Type PW, Pen Width AT, Absolute Arc Three Point 20-16The Vector Group 10 Example Using the AT Command PU3300,800 PD3500,800 PU650,450 PD1000,450Pen down, and draw a line to Down, and draw a line to 3500,800 BR, Bezier Relative LT, Line Type PW,Pen Width Specify relative plotting and pen down 12 Example Using the BR Command Bezier RelativePrpd BR0,3048,4572,0 BZ, Bezier Absolute AR, Arc Relative CI, Circle RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line AttributesLT, Line Type PW, Pen Width 14 Example Using the BZ Command Bezier Absolute BZ, Bezier Absolute20-22The Vector Group Specify relative plotting and pen BR, Bezier Relative AR, Arc Relative 20-24The Vector Group CI, Circle 16 Example Effects of Chord Angle on Circle Smoothness 20-26The Vector Group Send a reset to end the job LTCI5 20-28The Vector Group EW, Edge Wedge WG, Fill Wedge SC, ScaleRT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes PA, Plot Absolute 20-30The Vector Group Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol Mode PD, Pen DownPR, Plot Relative PD, Pen Down PU, Pen Up Line Attributes 20 Example Using the Pen Down Command 20-32The Vector Group LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol Mode CoordinatePolyline Encoded Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes Flag Character ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘=’, or ‘7’ Command. Also, you must use a semicolon to terminate PEPE, Polyline Encoded 20-34The Vector Group Flag Meaning Description Pen number Integer Number of fractional binary bits 26 to PE while in polygon mode, the Select Pen command is ignoredValue Format Range 20-36The Vector Group Fraction adjustment. If you are Or base 32 equivalent 7-bit mode24 Procedure to encode a number You are encoding fractional data otherwise, begin with step If x ≥ = 2 × = round10,525 Else = 2 × absx + 26 Procedure for determining base range 25 Terminator and non-terminator charactersRange Type Non-terminator Terminator Next order digit 64ths place 63 + 8 = CHR$ 20-40The Vector Group When converting and encoding data, note the following Example Using the PE CommandSpecify the next coordinate in absolute mode PA or PE= MOD 64 = n.AND.63. The number is logically ANDd with ‘‘260 Lprint ’’ 20-42The Vector Group PD, Pen Down Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes Increments Current 30 to 2 30 No default Units PR, Plot Relative20-44The Vector Group 28 Example Using the PR Command Coordinate Pen Up PD, Pen Down Polyline Encoded Line Attributes20-46The Vector Group Last unmatched coordinate RT, Relative Arc Three Point Chord angle Clamped real20-48The Vector Group 31 Example Using the RT Command Relative Arc Three Point Plu from the beginning of the arc Current location, place the penAway, with an ending point 0,-1500 20-50The Vector Group From the starting point of the arc 20-52The Vector Group Polygon Group Commands Polygon Group Using the Polygon Buffer Mnemonic Command Name21-2The Polygon Group Example Drawing Rectangles ?%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1Drawing Rectangles Pen to print HP-GL/2 images Example Filled Rectangles 21-4The Polygon Group Leaves its definition in the polygon buffer Just drawn. Since the previous RR commandDraw an edge around the rectangle that was 1500,1000, you do not need to specify Drawing Wedges 21-6The Polygon Group Clarification Example Drawing WedgesPA2500,3500 Specify absolute plotting and move to location Example Filling Wedges and Circles 21-8The Polygon Group Hatching--parallel lines, with 75 plu Wedge using the same centerPA2300,2500FT3, 75,45 Lines tilted at Drawing Polygons Drawing Subpolygons PR, Plot Relative PU, Pen Up RT, Relative Arc Three Point Filling Polygons Even/Odd Fill Method21-12The Polygon Group Non-Zero Winding Fill Method Filling Polygons Even/Odd Fill Method Drawing Circles in Polygon Mode `Approximating Polygon Buffer Use21-14The Polygon Group Counting the Points in a Polygon Counting the Points in a Circle or Arc 21-16The Polygon Group EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute Any two diagonally opposite corners Example Using EA to Draw Rectangles 21-18The Polygon Group Lower left corner at 105,65 21-20The Polygon Group 10 Example Using the EP Command EP, Edge Polygon EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute 21-22The Polygon Group Starting point of the rectangle. Increments are interpreted Are restoredER, Edge Rectangle Relative Two diagonally opposite corners 12 Example Using ER to Draw Rectangles 21-24The Polygon Group Opposite corner Upper right cornerA point 40,-25 user-units away as With the current pen location being one 21-26The Polygon Group EW, Edge Wedge 17Anisotropic and Isotropic Scaling 21-28The Polygon Group 14 Example Using EW to Draw a Pie Chart Angle of 180. The minus sign beforeRadius -1000 sets the zero-degree 21-30The Polygon Group To be filled Even/odd fill algorithm defaultFP, Fill Polygon Non-zero winding fill algorithm 17 Example Circle with a 500 plu radius and a 5 defaultExit polygon mode Chord angle. Close the current polygon Related Commands Group Polygon Clamped Definition Integer PM, Polygon Mode CommandPM0 or PM 21-34The Polygon Group IN, Initialize AA, Arc Absolute Polygon Mode Allowable Commands GroupDF, Default Values Mode, earlier in this chapter for more details PM1 21-36The Polygon Group 20 Example Using the PM Command PM2 PM2FPEP 21-38The Polygon Group Coordinates Current units 230to 230 No default Command includes an automatic pen down. When the commandRA, Fill Rectangle Absolute 22 Example Using the RA Command with Different Fill Types Lower left corner and 800,1200 as21-40The Polygon Group Related Commands Group RR, Fill Rectangle Relative 21-42The Polygon Group Example Using the RR Command with Different 24 Example Using the RR Command with Different Fill Types 21-44The Polygon Group WG, Fill Wedge 26Fill Wedge with Scaling 21-46The Polygon Group WG, Fill Wedge 26 Example Filling then Edging vs Edging then Filling Chart 21-48The Polygon Group Following example illustrates this When transparency mode TR command is opaque, filling thenCenter point of the above circle is located at 0,0 27 Example Fpep Epfp21-50The Polygon Group EW,Edge Wedge SC, Scale 21-52The Polygon Group Line and Fill Attribute Commands Line and Fill Attributes Group Using Line Attributes and Types Wedges22-2The Line and Fill Attributes Group Commands Affectedby Line Types Line Types Attribute Using Fill Types 22-4The Line and Fill Attributes Group Selecting a Pen and Changing Line Width Fill Area Anchor Corner AC, Anchor Corner Example Changing the Anchor Corner22-6The Line and Fill Attributes Group RR1000,1000 Rectangle ER1000,1000 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode PA3000,3000 22-8The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type Fill Type Description Option1 Option2 +X-axis to the -Y-axis HP-GL/2Referenced from the positive plotter-unit X-axis, as shown 22-10The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type HP-Defined Shading Patterns 22-12The Line and Fill Attributes Group Example Using the FT Command PCL Cross-Hatch Patterns Same rectangle Being the current pen locationUpper right corner 2500 plu to the right 22-14The Line and Fill Attributes Group LA, Line Attributes Attribute Kind Value Description 22-16The Line and Fill Attributes Group Line Ends Line Joins 12Five Line Joins 13Overlapping Line Ends without Line Join Selection Miter Limit 14Miter Limit LA1,4 Example Using the LA CommandPD3100,1900 Line to 3100,1900 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode 22-20The Line and Fill Attributes Group Related Commands Group LT, Line Type LT99 Functional Parameter Format Range DefaultLine type Clamped integer Solid line Restores previous 22-22The Line and Fill Attributes Group 11 Commands that Affect LT1 LT8 AC,Anchor CornerLA,Line Attributes 12 Commands that Affect LT99 22-24The Line and Fill Attributes Group Percentages 17Line Type Patterns and Pattern Percentages 22-26The Line and Fill Attributes Group 18Fixed and Adaptive Line Types FT,Fill Type AA,Arc Absolute 22-28The Line and Fill Attributes Group PW, Pen Width Width Clamped real 32768 to Dependent Pen Integer Black 14 Example Using the PW Command 22-30The Line and Fill Attributes Group SV, Screened Vectors WU, Pen Width Unit Selection RF, Raster Fill Definition 22-32The Line and Fill Attributes Group White Pen Number Represents a pixel in the pattern being definedIndicates its color black or white 16 Example Creating and Printing a Fill Pattern FT, Fill Type SV, Screened Vectors 22-34The Line and Fill Attributes Group SM, Symbol Mode 18 Example Using the Symbol Mode Command SMZ22-36The Line and Fill Attributes Group Related Commands Group SP, Select Pen 22-38The Line and Fill Attributes Group WU, Pen Width Unit Selection TR, Transparency Mode SV, Screened VectorsScreentype Clamped 2, 21 No screening solid Integer Pattern Index Pen User-defined Description Option1 Option2Shaded Fill Shading Ignored 22-40The Line and Fill Attributes Group 23 Possible Error Conditions FT, Fill Type PW, Pen Width RF, Raster Fill Definition TR, Transparency Mode Parameter Format Functional Range Default Clamped integer22-42The Line and Fill Attributes Group 23Transparency Mode = OFF Transparency mode is defaulted by the ?E Reset, IN, or DF UL, User-Defined Line Type 22-44The Line and Fill Attributes Group 24 Example Using the UL Command 26 Possible Error Conditions WU, Pen Width Unit Selection22-46The Line and Fill Attributes Group PW, Pen Width 22-48The Line and Fill Attributes Group Character Group Commands RenderedCP,Character Plot Moves the pen the specified 23-2The Character Group Printing Labels Example Printing Labels 23-4The Character Group Moving to the Carriage Return Point Commands Updating Carriage Return Point to Current LocationMnemonic Command Name1 Absolute Arc Backspace Horizontal tab Line feed Relative ArcControl Code DecimalCode Shift Out1 Shift In2 Space Default Label ConditionsSymbol Set Character Set Roman-8 Font Spacing Fixed Typeface HP-GL/2 Stick Character Spaces and Text Lines Enhancing LabelsCharacter Size and Slant 23-8The Character Group Label Orientation and Placement Label Orientation and Direction Define Variable Text Path Command 23-10The Character Group Terminating Labels Term Description Working with the Character CellCharacter Cell and HP-GL/2 23-12The Character Group Origin Character cell Width Character Stick Font Character Cell 23-14The Character Group Using Fonts Printing with Fixed-Spaced and Proportional Fonts Fixed-Spaced Font 23-16The Character Group Designating and Selecting Fonts Standard and Alternate Fonts AD, Alternate Font Definition Kind Clamped No default Integer Value Kind dependent RealKind Characteristic Default Value Description 23-18The Character Group FI, Select Primary Font FN, Select Secondary Font LB, Label CF, Character Fill Mode 23-20The Character Group Increases in proportion with the point size PR127,0 Move the pen position 127 plu to the right CF1,1LBA Select character fill mode 1 edge and edgeBetween each line, with the lines set at a 23-22The Character Group Related Commands Groups DI, Absolute Direction Space width is uniquely defined for each font use the ES Command to adjust the widthCP, Character Plot Control code is used 12Interaction of Label Direction and Parameter Sign 10 Example Using the CP Command SP1 Select pen number 1 black23-26The Character Group CP0,-.95LBBELOW LbaboveLINE$ LINECR-LF 23-28The Character Group DI, Absolute Direction Run or cos θ Clamped real 32768 to Rise or sin θ 15Character Slope Rise and Run 23-30The Character Group 16Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Text Paths Illustration 18Label Print Direction Rise and Run 23-32The Character Group DI Command Label Direction 14 Example Using the DI CommandDirectioncr DI-1,1LB Print the word in the fourth quadrant DI-1,-1LB Print the same word in the third quadrantCarriage Return 23-34The Character Group 15 Example Another DI Example Both parameters = Ignores command Number out of range 17 Possible Error ConditionsError Condition Printer Response 23-36The Character Group DR, Relative Direction 21Rise and Run Parameters 23-38The Character Group 22Effects of Different Rise/Run Parameters DR Command Label Direction 23-40The Character Group ExampleUsing the DR Command Directional line, not necessarily on it DR,-1,0LB1996 Set the label direction and print 20 Example Using the DR CommandDR,-1,-1LB1995 Set the label direction and print 23-42The Character Group Related Commands Group ETX 22 Possible Error ConditionsDT, Define Label Terminator 23-44The Character Group This command would print as Label terminator will not printLabel terminator will print.# DV, Define Variable Text Path 23-46The Character Group 26Four Text Paths 27DV Command Character Position for Normal 0 Parameter 28DV Command Character Position for Normal 90 Parameter ExampleUsing theDV Command 24 Example Using the DV Command CP, Character Plot 23-50The Character Group 26 Example Using the ES Command %0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1ES, Extra Space 23-52The Character Group Related Commands Group ExampleUsing the FI Command FI, Select Primary Font23-54The Character Group 28 Example Using the FI Command FN, Select Secondary Font AD, Alternate Font Definition ExampleUsing the FN Command 30 Example Using the FN Command Select the font LBLaserJetPrinters Print LaserJet Printers in the currentlyFont Carriage Return/Line Feed 23-58The Character Group LB, Label 32 Example Printing Text with the LB Command 23-60The Character Group Related Commands Group LO, Label Origin 23-62The Character Group 34 Example Using the LO Command 33Label Origin Positioning Small circle dot, and specify Label origin number23-64The Character Group Position is updated using an average delta X space Text Path Label Origin SA, Select Alternate Font DV, Define Variable Text Path LB, Label23-66The Character Group SB, Scalable or Bitmap Fonts Commands. The choice of scalable or bitmap fonts can affectPerformance of the following HP-GL/2 commands See table on next SD, Standard Font Definition AffectedCommandsCommand Limitation 23-68The Character Group Kind 1 Symbol Set 40 Kind 2 Font Spacing Values Kind 2 Font SpacingKind 3 Pitch 41 Kind 3 Pitch Values Kind 5 Posture Kind 6 Stroke WeightKind 4 Height 42 Kind 4 Height Values Kind 7 Typeface 44 Kind 6 Stroke Weight ValuesStroke WeightValue Description Medium, Book or Text ExampleUsing the SD Command Stick font characters SI, Absolute Character SizeRight-to-left direction 23-74The Character Group ExampleUsing the SI Command 46 Example Using the SI Command SI-.6,.9LBPrint# 23-76The Character Group SI-.6,-.9LBPrint# Related Commands Group SI.6,-.9LBPrint# SL, Character Slant 23-78The Character Group ExampleUsing the SL Command 49 Example Using the SL Command DI, Absolute Direction DR, Relative Direction LB, Label 23-80The Character Group Functional Parameter Format Range Default SR, Relative Character Size They may look odd to your readers An SR command remains in effect until another SR command isSet to default conditions Appears normal ExampleUsing the SR Command 51 Example Using the SR Command 23-84The Character Group SS, Select Standard Font TD, Transparent Data 23-86The Character Group TD, Transparent Data 23-88The Character Group Programming Hints PCL Command Parsing Job stream may contain commands that are device specific24-2Programming Hints Job Control Support PJL. The ECE command should be included to ensureDo not perform a printer reset within a job %-12345X Size PCL Page ControlPaper Source Text Area/Margins PCL Cursor Positioning Fonts Using HP-GL/2 text 24-6Programming Hints PCL Raster Graphics Macros 24-8Programming Hints HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Print Overrun PerformancePrint Data Protection Run Frequent cause of Error 21 when printing graphics is thatMemory on many HP LaserJet printers. One exception is Protection for the page size most often used To enable end-of-line wrap mode, send EC&s0C Troubleshooting CommandsDisplay Functions Mode End-of-Line Wrap Enable Display Functions Mode Disable Display Functions Mode Auto Continue Mode 24-14Programming Hints Common Errors Error 24-16Programming Hints Help from HP Help From Your OrganizationHelp From Your Dealer CompuServe HP Forum HP Distribution HP First Faxback supportHP’s Personal Peripherals Assist Line Customer Support-3 Customer Support-4 Baud Rate Auto-ContinueAspect Ratio Bound and Unbound Fonts Centronics I/O ConfigurationConfiguration Menu Character Descriptor Control Panel DefaultControl Code Current Active Position CAP Downloading Escape Sequence or PCL CommandFactory Default DTR Polarity Font Cartridge Factory Default EnvironmentFont Font Header Interface Connector Horizontal Motion Index HMIBuffer Logical Internal FontsLandscape Macro Non-volatile RAM MSL Master Symbol ListNegative angle of rotation Off-line/On-line PCL Coordination System Units PCL CommandsParallel I/O PCL Units Positive angle of rotation PitchPoint Primary Secondary Font Portrait Printer CommandsReset Print Environment Row ResolutionRobust-Xon Rule Serial I/O Stroke WeightSymbol Index Soft Font Treatment Symbol SetUEL Universal Exit Language Command Typeface User-Defined Symbol Sets User DefaultUser Default Environment Unit of Measure Vertical Motion Index VMI VMI vertical motion index Symbols Index Numerics Index-18 Index-19 Index-20 Index-21 Index-22 Index-23 Index-24 Index-25 Index-26 Index-27 Index-28 Index-29 Index-30 MSL Index-31 Index-32 Index-33 Index-34 Index-35 Index-36 Index-37 Index-38 VMI Index-39 Index-40