HP 5961-0509 manual

Notes	This command is used for both the Select Pattern and Area Fill
	graphics (it is also described in Chapter 14, PCL Rectangular
	Area Fill Graphics). It is duplicated here for convenience.

For user-defined patterns, this command, sent prior to downloading

auser-defined pattern, assigns an ID pattern number to the downloaded pattern. (For more information, see “User- Defined Graphics,” later in this chapter.)

EN	Pattern ID (Area Fill ID) Command 13-9

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Image 275

HP 5961-0509 manual Area Fill Graphics. It is duplicated here for convenience

Contents

Page Page HP Part No First Edition October PCL 5 Printer LanguageTechnical Reference ManualPage Printing History Trademark Credits Non-technical Users Inside This ManualWhat You Can Learn From This Manual Experienced Users Brief description of each chapter is provided below Chapter SummariesSoftware packages, refer to HP’s Software Application Notes Application notes can be obtained through the HP Forum on Macros Fonts Viii PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Configuration and Status Group PCL 5 Comparison Guide Related Documentation Contents Print Environment BS Backspace HT Horizontal Tab Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints CommandCursor Positioning Units Decipoints Columns & Rows Contents-4 10-5 MSL Symbol Index Example 10-1410-2 10-4 Height Extended UB 11-31 Cap Height UI 11-29Text Height UI 11-29 First Code UI 11-30 Last Code / Number of Characters UI Macro Control Example 16-8 Symbol Set Response 16-18Contents-8 16-6 Parameter Formats 17-10 17-217-3 17-9 Enlarging or Reducing a Picture 19-8 19-319-4 19-8 21-10 21-221-3 21-6 ExampleUsing the FN Command 23-57 ExampleUsing the DR Command 23-41ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-49 ExampleUsing the FI Command 23-54 HMI Error Contents-14 HP PCL 2Introduction to HP PCL PCL Printer Language Architecture Control Codes What are Printer Commands?PCL Commands 4Introduction to HP PCL HP-GL/2 CommandsPJL Commands Two-character escape sequences have the following form Syntax of Escape SequencesTwo-Character Escape Sequences 6Introduction to HP PCL Parameterized Escape SequencesParameterized Character a character from ?&l1O and ?&l2A Case l for clarityCharacter and a termination character. This escape sequence 8Introduction to HP PCL Introduction 2The Logical More information Printed DotsHP LaserJet printer Is changed PCL Coordinate SystemPCL coordinate system is defined as shown in Figure Current top margin position Columns & Rows Units of the PCL Coordinate SystemPCL Units Decipoints 6The Used. The default HP-GL/2 picture frame is the current topHP-GL/2 Picture Frame Not affected by the PCL print direction At 300 DPI double for 600 DPI Printable AreaPortrait Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries 8The Landscape Logical Page & Printable Area Boundaries Printable Area Character Cell Positioning Is positioned using the Left Registration command 10The Printer commands select other settings Group of all of the printer’s current feature settingsMaintains four print environments the Factory Default Describes the Factory Default Environment, the User Default PCL Context Factory Default EnvironmentDefault settings for specific printers, refer to Factory Default Print Environment Features Pattern Rotation Macro ID Factory Default Print Environment Features PCL ContextLine Termination Picture Frame Width Picture Frame Height 4The Print Environment Current Location Type Current Location Unit Scale Mode Factory Default Print Environment Features HP-GL/2 ContextSymbol Set Polygon Buffer Font Spacing Polygon Mode Pitch 6The Print Environment User Default Environment Printers, refer to the PCL 5 Comparison Guide Modified Print EnvironmentItems Not Included in Modified Print Environment PCL Context HP-GL/2 Context Critical. Refer to -1 for an example of their usage Resetting the Print EnvironmentPrinter Reset Command and the EC%-12345Xcommand Universal Exit Cold Reset 10The Print Environment Preamble Structure of a Typical Job 2PCL Job Control Commands Printer Reset Command ? % 1 2 3 4 5 Universal Exit Language Command ? & l # Number of Copies Command4PCL Job Control Commands Example Be a concern if available user memory is critical Simplex/Duplex Print CommandFeature print in simplex mode front side of sheet only Are bound along the width of the physical page see Figure Short-Edge Binding Mode Long-Edge Binding Mode Negative values cause it to move right refer to -4 Left Offset Registration Command? & l # U = The number of decipoints 1/720 inch ? & l # Z Top Offset Registration Command8PCL Job Control Commands Short-Edge Binding Mode Offsets ?&a1G Duplex Page Side Selection Command10PCL Job Control Commands ?&a#G Separation will be performed Job Separation CommandSeparation, the command is ignored ? & l 1 T ? & l # G = 1 Upper Output Bin Lower Rear Output Bin Output Bin Selection CommandDual output bin feature, it is ignored 12PCL Job Control Commands Information Unit of Measure Command? & u # D # =Number of units-per-inch Over 7200=0.3332 4801-3600over 3600=0.3336 Relative error when mapped to 360014PCL Job Control Commands Units moves the cursor 1.5 inches, whether printed at 300 or Dpi print resolution 16PCL Job Control Commands Only once for that group of pages. Remember, once a PCL Control commands and data are associated with eachCommand If a number of consecutive pages within a job have the same Paper Size Command2Page Control Commands ? & l # a ? & l3A LaserJet+, or the LaserJet 500+ printers ?&l2H 4Page Control Commands? & l # H To feed paper from the manual feed slot, send # = 0 Portrait Landscape Reverse Portrait Reverse Landscape Logical Page Orientation Command? & l # O HP-GL/2 State Variables Orientation With Default Print Direction 8Page Control Commands ? & a # P Print Direction CommandPrint Direction does not default HMI Command ?&l#O or the HP-GL/2 RO command Changing Print Direction on a 10Page Control Commands Text Area Text Area Within 12Page Control Commands To set the left margin to column 5, send Left Margin Command? & a # L # = Column number To set the right margin to column 45, send Right Margin Command?&a45M 14Page Control Commands ? & a # M Clear Horizontal Margins Command ? & l # E Top Margin Command?&l4E 16Page Control Commands Margin Cursor Positioning First line of the logical page is line ? & l # F Text Length Command?&l6ØF 18Page Control Commands ? & l # L Perforation Skip Command ? & k # H Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command20Page Control Commands Horizontal Motion Index HMI Command # = number of 1/48 inch increments between rows Vertical Motion Index VMI Command22Page Control Commands ? & l # C ?&l5.45C 5.45 = 7.5/66 x Common VMI Settings Line Spacing Command Cursor Positioning 2Cursor Positioning Absolute vs. Relative Cursor Positioning Cursor Positioning Units 4Cursor Positioning Width of a column is defined by the current HMI Horizontal Cursor Positioning Columns Command? & a # C = Number of Columns 6Cursor Positioning Horizontal Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command? & a # H # = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch Logical Horizontal Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command? * p # = Number of PCL Units Inch, the HMI is rounded to the nearest 1/300 inch Horizontal Cursor Positioning Control CodesCR Carriage Return SP Space HT Horizontal Tab BS Backspace Position on Vertical Cursor Positioning Rows Command? & a # R = Number of Rows = Number of Decipoints 1/720 inch Vertical Cursor Positioning Decipoints Command? & a # 12Cursor Positioning Vertical Cursor Positioning PCL Units Command? * p # Y # = Number of PCL Units FF Form Feed Half-Line Feed CommandVertical Cursor Positioning Control Codes LF Line Feed 14Cursor Positioning Line Termination Command? & k # G # = 0- CR=CR LF=LF FF=FF ? & f # S Push/Pop Cursor Position Command 16Cursor Positioning Fonts 2Fonts Font Sources Printers. See for more information Symbol Set 4Fonts Spacing Height Pitch 6Fonts Stroke WeightStyle Typeface Typeface Family 8Fonts Orientation Bitmap Fonts and Scalable Typefaces 12 Scalable Character 11 Bitmap Character Special Effects Internal Fonts Fonts PCL Font Selection 2PCL Font Selection Font Selection PriorityFont Priority Considerations Font, followed by a 300 dpi bitmapped soft font Priority of Locations 4PCL Font Selection Font Select TableMediumÍ Typeface Family Courier Selection method. However, HP recommends that all Font ResolutionCharacteristics be sent to ensure that the correct font is Primary and Secondary Fonts 6PCL Font Selection Symbol Set CommandEC ID Secondary Symbol Set Command ISO 6ASCII Typical Symbol Set ValuesSymbol Set Name Symbol Set ID Example 8PCL Font Selection Bit ISO Symbol Sets Spacing Command 10PCL Font Selection Pitch Command Chapter for more information Select table See Font Selection by ID Command later in thisCourier is very close to 60% of an Em, and 30 = 1 ÷ 0.64 ÷ Vendor 12PCL Font Selection Height Command To specify a height of 12 points for the primary font, send ID Command later in this chapter for more information 14PCL Font Selection Style CommandCommon Font Styles Value Font Styles To specify an upright style for the primary font, send 255 to 0-32767. This expansion allows for additional stylesDescribed under Style MSB in Chapter Available for the next selection Stroke Weights Stroke Weight Command Instead To specify a bold stroke weight for the primary font, send 18PCL Font Selection Typeface Family CommandComparison Guide for typeface values Comparison Guide, for future typeface selection ECs0T Sample Typeface ValuesFamilyValue Typeface Family ECs4101T 20PCL Font Selection Bitmap, Fixed-Spaced Font Font Selection Examples Scalable, Proportional-Spaced Font Eliminated before the selection process begins Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic 24PCL Font Selection Thinner stroke weight is selected Summary of Font Selection by Characteristic 26PCL Font Selection Font Selectionby ID CommandCharacteristic is not changed Examples Select Default Font CommandCharacteristic is not affected by the default font command HP-GL/2 Font Selection 28PCL Font Selection Transparent Print Data Command Aligned or be the same thickness Underline CommandEC & d @ Disable underline 30PCL Font Selection Font Management 2Font Management Downloading Soft Fonts Appropriate printer User’s Manual for specifics Whenever the printer’s power is turned offTemporary vs. Permanent Fonts Deleting Fonts 4Font Management Font ID Command To delete the soft font with an ID of 1, send Font Control CommandTo remove all soft fonts from user memory, send To remove only those soft fonts that are temporary, send 6Font Management Designate the permanent soft font as primary Font Management Example 8Font Management Unbound Scalable FontsBound and Unbound Fonts Font Selection and Unbound Fonts Complement number Symbol CollectionsVarious collections 10Font Management Character Complement NumbersCharacter Requirements Number Final Font Selection Symbol Set Mapping Table 12Font Management Roman-8 Symbol Index MappingMSL Index Unicode Index Character Code Decimal Hexadecimal Printing a Character 14Font Management Symbol Set Control EC*c#S User-Defined Symbol Sets 10-2User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Set ID Code Command# = Symbol Set ID Code decimal Symbol Set ID code = # * 32 + IDPage 10-4User-Defined Symbol Sets Define Symbol SetData format for the user-defined symbol set is shown User-Defined Symbol Set Defintion Format Unsigned Long Integer Header Size UIFont Header Field Data Type Notation ULI Format UB Encoded Symbol Set Designator UISymbol Set Type UB 10-6User-Defined Symbol Sets Specifies the first character code in the set First Code UILast Code UI 10-8User-Defined Symbol Sets French 001 Unicode Symbol IndexAscii required such as ISO 6 Ascii Ascii not required MSL 10-10User-Defined Symbol SetsBit Field Designated Use Value Hex Meaning Symbol Map Array of UI 10-12User-Defined Symbol Sets Symbol Set Control Command Symbol Map Data User-Defined Symbol Set ExamplesUnicode Symbol Index Example 10-14User-Defined Symbol Sets MSL Symbol Index Example Symbol Map Data 10-16User-Defined Symbol Sets Soft Font Creation 11-2Soft Font Creation Font ID Command Font HeaderFont Classifications HP LaserJet printer PCL bitmap, Intellifont scalable, This manual, for information on how to obtain this document Fonts to match the paper’s physical coordinate system Coordinate SystemBitmap Fonts Intellifont Scalable Fonts Agfa Design Window TrueType Scalable Fonts This chapter Font Header CommandDefault Range Font Header Format Byte 15 MSB LSB Format 0 Font Header for PCL Bitmapped Fonts 11-8Soft Font Creation Format 20 Font Header for Resolution-SpecifiedBitmapped 15 MSB LSB Font Name Resolution Copyright optional Font Number 11-10Soft Font Creation Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Scalable Global Intellifont Data Size Format 10 Font Header for Intellifont Bound Character Complement Font Name Scale Factor ResolutionMaster Underline Thickness Or Threshold Global Italic Angle Byte 15 MSB LSB0 Global Intellifont DataCopyright optional Reserved Checksum Format 15 Font Header for TrueType Scalable Fonts 11-14Soft Font Creation Data TypesFont Header Field Data Type Notation Header Format Values Font Descriptor Size UIHeader Format UB Font Type UB Alternate Italic Style MSB UIRefer to for more information Value Posture StyleWord partial sum Multiply by 4 for StyleWord partial sum Appearance Width 11-18Soft Font Creation Baseline Position UICell Width UI Cell Height UI Character Cell Bitmap Orientation UB Scalable Font set to zero Symbol Set UISpacing B Bitmap Font Unsupported values invalidate font creation Pitch UI 11-22Soft Font Creation Height UIXHeight UI Style LSB UB Stroke Weight SB14 Stroke Weight Values Width Type SB Extra Bold Black Extra Black Ultra Black Typeface UBCurrent Usage Semi Bold Demi Bold Value Vendor Current Vendor Number Values 18 Previous Vendor Number Values Previous Usage17 Typeface Family Value Previous Vendor Version Value Serif Style Serif Style UBSerif Style Values 19 Serif Style Values Placement SB21 Bitmap Font Placement Values Quality UB Text Width UI Underline Position Distance SBUnderline Thickness UB Text Height UI 11-30Soft Font Creation Last Code / Number of Characters UIPitch Extended UB Font Type First Code../..Last Code Scalable Font Set Pitch Extended field to zero Height Extended UBCap Height UI Bigelow && Holmes Font Number ULIInitial HexValue Vendor Name Agfa Necessary for TrueType fonts Resolution UIFont Name ASC16 This field is ignored by the printer for bitmap fonts Font Scaling Technology UB Scale Factor UIMaster Underline Position SI Master Underline Thickness Height UI Global Intellifont Data Size UI Variety UBOr Threshold UI Global Italic Angle SI 11-36Soft Font Creation MSL Symbol IndexUnicode Symbol Index Bit Value 27 MSL Symbol Index Character Complement Bits 11-38Soft Font Creation 28 Unicode Symbol Index Character Complement BitsUnicode Segment ChecksumCopyright Segmented Font Data Format 11-40Soft Font Creation Segment Identifier UI30 Segmented Font Data Value Mnemonic Data Segment GI Global Intellifont Data Reserved for future use Segment Size UIFormats of Data Segments Data segments with an unrecognized identifier are ignored 11-42Soft Font Creation ChecksumIf Intellifont Face Data Reserved for future use PF PS-Compatible Font Name Reserved for future use Bitmap Example Font Header Examples 56.02% of Em Intellifont Scalable ExampleFirst Code Last Code Pitch Extended Height Extended Cap Height Points 29.63% Em Default HMIReference in Design Design Height 11-46Soft Font Creation Font Header Examples 11-48Soft Font Creation Character Definitions =character code Character Code CommandSymbol index value 11-50Soft Font Creation Character Definition Command 34 Character Descriptors/Data Continuation Block Character Descriptor FormatsCharacter Descriptor and Data Format for PCL Bitmap Fonts Character descriptors 11-52Soft Font Creation Format UBFormat Continuation non-zero Raster Character Data in bytes Class UB Continuation BDescriptor Size UB 11-54Soft Font Creation Class 1 Bitmap DataClass 2 Compressed Bitmap Data Class 2 Character Data Portrait Landscape Reverse portrait Reverse landscape Orientation UBLeft Offset SI Top Offset SI Character Data Character Width UICharacter Height UI Delta X SI 11-58Soft Font Creation Portrait Character Example Landscape Character Example 11-60Soft Font Creation Reserved Checksum241 Intellifont Scalable Contour Data Format Contour Tree Data XY Coordinate Data 11-62Soft Font Creation LaserJet Family Raster Metric Data Offset SI Class 3 -Intellifont Scalable Character Contour DataClass 4 Intellifont Scalable Compound Character Data Contour Data Size UI Metric Data Character Intellifont Data Offset SIContour Tree Offset SI XY Data Offset SI Component List Character Descriptor and Data Format for TrueType FontsCompound Character Escapement SI Number of Components UB 11-66Soft Font Creation Format Continuation Descriptor Size ClassCharacter Data Size Desc Glyph ID Intellifont Scalable Desc Size Beginning of TrueType Glyph Data 11-68Soft Font Creation Checksum UB Character Data Size UIGlyph ID UI TrueType Glyph Data 11-70Soft Font Creation Character Definition ExamplesBitmap Portrait Character Example 52 Character Format, Continuation, and Descriptor Decimal Equivalent 53 Portrait Character Data ExampleDot Row 11-72Soft Font Creation Bitmap Landscape Character Example54 Character Format, Continuation and Descriptor 55 Landscape Character Data Example 11-74Soft Font Creation Concern, a possible solution might be an HP custom macro When printing letters, for example, which include a companyPrinter, initiates the command sequence to print HP-GL/2 commands are not supported within macros on all 12-2Macros MacroDefinition End of the macro data definition Macro Creation 12-4Macros Macro Invocation HP-GL/2 Context Temporary / Permanent Macros To establish a macro ID number of 5, send Deleting MacrosMacro ID # =Macro ID number Execute another macro two levels of nesting are allowed Macro Control 12-8Macros ROM-Based Macros Macro Control Example Macros PCL Print Model Destination Image Source Transparency ModePattern Source Image Opaque and Transparency Modes Pattern Transparency Mode 13-4The PCL Print Model Effect of Transparency Modes on Images Operation Comments Command Sequence 13-6The PCL Print Model Source Transparency Mode CommandEnd of Page Data Were opaque white rules erase black rules regardless Pattern Transparency Mode Command Selecting Shaded patterns Patterns Pattern ID Area Fill ID CommandDefault No pattern Range Selecting Cross-Hatch Area Fill Graphics. It is duplicated here for convenience 13-10The PCL Print Model Shading Patterns Cross-Hatch Patterns 13-12The PCL Print Model Select Current Pattern CommandShading pattern Cross-hatch pattern User-defined pattern Pattern E #T and the Pattern ID E User-Defined Pattern Implementation User-Defined Pattern Graphics 13-14The PCL Print Model Pattern Reference PointTile point is moved for the next fill area Moving Pattern Reference Point for Pattern Filling Resolution-Specified User-Defined Pattern Header User-Defined Pattern CommandUser-Defined Pattern Header 300 dpi resolution Pixel Encoding Byte Format ByteContinuation Byte Height in Pixels Bytes 4 Master X Resolution UIMaster Y Resolution UI Reserved Byte User-defined Pattern Example 13-20The PCL Print Model FF FF Send the pattern header and binary data 13-22The PCL Print Model Set Pattern Reference Point Command Pattern Control Command 13-24The PCL Print Model 14-1,cross-hatch pattern -2, or user-defined Rectangular Area Fill Procedure 14-2PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Decipoints=E #H, or PCL Units=E *c#A Measure is set to 600 units-per-inch Horizontal Rectangle Size Decipoints CommandHorizontal Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Measure Command in Chapter 14-4PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Vertical Rectangle Size Decipoints CommandVertical Rectangle Size PCL Units Command Selecting User-Defined patterns1 Selecting Shaded Patterns# = Thru 2 = 1- 2% shade Pattern #1 14-6PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shading Patterns 14-8PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Fill Rectangular Area Command 14-10PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Pattern Transparency for Rectangular Area Fill 14-12PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Effect of Transparency Modes on Rectangular Areas Solid Fill Black/White Rectangular Area Fill ExamplesPre-defined Pattern Examples 14-14PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Shaded Fill Shaded Fill Example 14-16PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics Cross-hatch Fill Patterned Fill Example 14-18PCL Rectangular Area Fill Graphics User-Defined Pattern Fill Example Raster Graphics 15-2Raster Graphics Raster AreaPage 15-4Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Command Sequence To the printable area Test, font printout, or power cycleRaster Compression are all true modes. Once specified, 15-6Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Resolution CommandRequires 540,000 bits Raster Graphics Expansion at 600 dpi Raster Graphics Expansion at 300 dpi Portrait Logical page left bound Reverse portrait Landscape Raster Graphics Presentation Mode CommandDefault Range Raster Orientation Default Graphics Margin Landscape Dots in from the logical Top bound Reverse Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Portrait Orientation 15-10Raster Graphics Raster Graphics Presentation Mode for Landscape Orientation Cursor Raster Height Command 15-12Raster Graphics Maximum Raster Height Raster Width Command 15-14Raster Graphics Start Raster Graphics Command Method nor the left raster graphics margin Raster Y Offset Command 15-16Raster Graphics Set Compression Method CommandUnencoded Method Run-length Encoding Method Tagged Image File Format Encoding Method Repeated Pattern Values Literal Pattern ValuesNo Operation Value Byte Number Bits Examples Run-length and Tiff Compression 15-20Raster Graphics Command byte1 to 8 Replacement bytesDelta Row Compression Method Command Byte 15-22Raster Graphics Seed Row Previous row to be replicated Printing a Zeroed Row Setting the Seed Row to ZeroRepeating a Row Next delta row is applied to a zeroed seed row 15-24Raster Graphics Example Delta Row CompressionByte Row Value Compression Operation Adaptive Compression Method 15-26Raster Graphics Empty RowDuplicate Row Adaptive Compression Operation Hints 15-28Raster Graphics Transfer Raster Data Command 15-30Raster Graphics End Raster Graphics Command Dot Row Byte Command DataRaster Graphics Example 11 Example of Raster Graphic Image Data 15-32Raster Graphics 11Example of Raster Graphic Image Data 15-34Raster Graphics Status Readback 16-2Status Readback Memory Status RequestMemory Status Request Example Description Data PCL Info Memory TOTAL=100000 LARGEST=25000 Entity StatusStatus response sent from printer to host Info Fonts Example PCL Operation Command CommentsEntity Status Request Example PCL Status Response Two example status responses are shown below Status Response SyntaxValue field Ignore lines with keywords they do not recognize Control code decimal Example listings, CR, LF, and FF identifyCarriage Return decimal 13, Line Feed decimal 10, and Form Feed decimal 12 control codes. The Esc following 16-8Status Readback Set Status Readback Location Type Command Location Type Unit Set Status Readback Location Unit CommandSet Status Readback Location Unit Command 16-10Status Readback Inquire Status Readback Entity Command Font Response Symbol set are described belowSELECT= SYMBOLSETS= LOCTYPE= LOCUNIT= Entity Status Responses 16-12Status Readback Bitmap FontsScalable Fonts Location Type 1 Currently Selected Font Unbound Scalable FontsSoft Fonts 16-14Status Readback LOCUNIT=1 None Font Extended Response 16-16Status Readback Macros and returns an error ERROR=NONEMacro Response Macro status response might appear as shown below User-Defined Pattern Response 16-18Status Readback Symbol Set ResponseSymbol set response might appear as shown below Unit Invalid Entity Invalid Location None Internal Error Entity Error Codes 16-20Status Readback Memory, an internal error is returned, as shown belowGiven Free Space Command 16-22Status Readback Memory Status ResponseFree Space status response returns two values LARGEST=25000 Memory Error Response 16-24Status Readback Flush All Pages CommandAll page data including the partial page will be processed Is processed and ejected from the paper path Echo command followed by a Free Space command. The printer Echo Command 16-26Status Readback Echo command returns the following responseEcho Response Status Readback Programming Hints 16-28Status Readback 17-1 Learning HP-GL/2 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 1 HP-GL/2 Commands and Syntax HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 3 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 2 FN1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 4FI1 TR1 HP-GL/2 Commands by Group 5Understanding HP-GL/2 Syntax SV1 Typical HP-GL/2 Command Notations Used to Express Syntax LT6,25,1 Omitting Optional Parameters LT6,1 Parameter FormatsLT6 Page 17-12An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Down until a PD command is receivedPR, RA, RR, RT, and WG PM1/PM2 forms of PM ExampleBASIC Using HP-GL/2 With Programming Languages 17-14An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics ExampleC Programming Language Coordinate System to Match the PCL System in Chapter HP-GL/2 Coordinate System 17-16An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Using the default HP-GL/2 coordinate system, the origin isMode Parentheses X,Y for clarity. Do not use parentheses in your Change in PCL print direction has no effect on the HP-GL/2 Command modifies the default HP-GL/2 orientationHP-GL/2 & PCL Orientation Interactions Matches the PCL orientation. -7 shows how the RO 17-18An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Modifying HP-GL/2 Orientation on a Portrait Printer’s printable limits, see Chapter Vector Graphics Limits PlotterUnits EquivalentValue HP-GL/2 Units of MeasurePlotter Units User-units Pen Status Pen Status and Location Command Group Commands That Include an Automatic Pen Down Pen Location 17-24An Introduction to HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Scaling Absolute Coordinates Absolute and Relative Pen Movement Numbers and therefore transmit less data over the I/O As absolute plotter units unless a PR Plot Relative commandSC command is in effect Coordinates as the opposite corner Picture Frame 18-2The Picture Frame Defining the Image AreaPCL Picture Frame Creating a Page Size-Independent Plot 18-4The Picture Frame Enlarged or reduced to fit the PCL Picture Frame the amountSize. See to specify an HP-GL/2 plot size Typical HP-GL/2 PlotCommand Sequence 18-6The Picture Frame Example Creating and Using a PCL Picture Frame Current HP-GL/2 pen position Valid to 4 decimal places When the print direction is set to 0 degrees the defaultHorizontal Picture Frame Size Width of the current logical Vertical Picture Frame Size Decipoints Anchor point or the picture frame Logical page and the default top marginSet Picture Frame Anchor Point Print direction is Range To 32767 valid to 4 decimal places DefaultHP-GL/2 Plot Horizontal Size 18-12The Picture Frame HP-GL/2 Plot Vertical Size EC%1B Enter HP-GL/2 ModeEC % # B 18-14The Picture Frame Enter PCL ModeMapped to EC%0A Default Settings 18-16The Picture Frame Example Creating a Simple Drawing INSP1 18-18The Picture Frame PU50,50CI25Circle with a radius that is 25% Borders Configuration and Status Group 19-2The Configuration and Status Group Configuration and Status Group CommandsCommand Summary To their default conditions DF command is not as powerful as the in command. Establishing Default ConditionsLanguage mode, you should establish default conditions at Environment and how it is affected by the reset command Scaling Points P1 and P2 Using the Scale Command19-4The Configuration and Status Group User-Unit Scaling with Default P1 and P2 Arc that falls within the effective window is printed 19-6The Configuration and Status Group New P1 and P2 User-Unit Scaling with Negative Values Enlarging or Reducing a Picture Using Scaling Effectively19-8The Configuration and Status Group EC%0B Example Changing the Size of a Drawing Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a 19-10The Configuration and Status Group EC&l1O Select landscape orientation Enter HP-GL/2 mode, usingReset the printer to complete the job Example Drawing Equal-Size Pictures on a Creating Mirror-Images 19-12The Configuration and Status Group Example Creating a Mirror-Image Enter HP-GL/2 modeEnter the PCL mode Send a reset to end the job and eject Subroutine that prints the arrow figure on the next 19-14The Configuration and Status GroupSubroutine PA1,2PD1,4,3,4,3,7,2,7 Example Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System Adapting the HP-GL/2 Coordinate System toMatch the PCL System EC%1A 19-16The Configuration and Status Group Enter the PCL mode with the CAP at Type From Last Point To New Point Windowing Setting Up Soft-Clip Limits19-18The Configuration and Status Group Four Types of Line Segments CO, Comment DF, Default ValuesDefault Conditions Function Command Default Condition SB0 19-20The Configuration and Status GroupLO1 IN, Initialize Related commands WU, PW Affected Commands GroupDF, RO, IP PD, PU IP, Input P1 and P2 Parameter Format Functional Range Default 19-24The Configuration and Status Group 11 Commands Affected by P1/P2 IW, Input Window RO, Rotate Coordinate System SC, Scale Related Commands GroupIR, Input Relative P1 and P2 IR, Input Relative P1 and P2 Functional Parameter Format Range Default19-26The Configuration and Status Group 10Example P1 and P2 command 19-28The Configuration and Status Group 13 Commands Affected by P1/P2 Current 30 to 2 30 IW, Input WindowIP, Input P1 and P2 19-30The Configuration and Status Group 15 Example The IW Command IW@ Lbthis is AN Example 19-32The Configuration and Status Group 13Example IW command Same position on the next PG, Advance Full Angle of Rotation RO command19-34The Configuration and Status Group RO, Rotate Coordinate System Upper-right corners of the picture frame Positive angle of rotationLocation to reflect the new orientation Scaling points P1 and P2 rotate with the coordinate system 19-36The Configuration and Status Group 15Using the RO Command Without Using the IP 16Using IP after the RO Command Input Relative P1 and P2 IW, Input Window 19-38The Configuration and Status Group RP, Replot Source defaults the HP-GL/2 pen positionIllustration, see Number of Copies Command in Chapter Parameter Format Real 30 to 2 30 No default19-40The Configuration and Status Group SC, Scale Syntax For Scaling Types 0Scaling Form Type Description Scaling Form 19-42The Configuration and Status Group 18Isotropic Scaling Scaling Form Type Syntax 19-44The Configuration and Status GroupFor Scaling Type SC, Scale Condition Printer Response 23 Possible Error Conditions for SC Absolute points Vector Group CommandsBezier Relative Draws a bezier curve using Pen location through two 20-2The Vector Group Drawing LinesRelative points EC%ØA Example Drawing LinesEC%ØB %ØA Drawing CirclesExample Drawing Circles %ØB Example Drawing Arcs To enable printingDrawing Arcs 20-6The Vector Group Draw the arc for 180 in a negative angleRotation Drawing arcs 2 20-8The Vector Group Drawing Bezier CurvesExample Drawing Bezier Curves AA, Arc Absolute Current units 30 to 2 30 No defaultSweep angle Clamped real 32768 to No default Chord angle 20-10The Vector Group SP1 Select pen number 1. Even though there is no Enable printing 20-12The Vector Group Circle that would be drawn if the arc was 360 degrees Current 30 to 2 30 No defaultAR, Arc Relative LA, Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width 20-14The Vector Group Example Using Arc Relative to Draw Arcs Line Type PW, Pen Width 20-16The Vector Group AT, Absolute Arc Three Point 10 Example Using the AT Command Down, and draw a line to 3500,800 PU650,450 PD1000,450Pen down, and draw a line to PU3300,800 PD3500,800 LT, Line Type PW,Pen Width BR, Bezier Relative BR0,3048,4572,0 12 Example Using the BR Command Bezier RelativePrpd Specify relative plotting and pen down LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width BZ, Bezier Absolute AR, Arc RelativeCI, Circle RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes 20-22The Vector Group 14 Example Using the BZ Command Bezier AbsoluteBZ, Bezier Absolute Specify relative plotting and pen 20-24The Vector Group BR, Bezier Relative AR, Arc Relative CI, Circle 20-26The Vector Group 16 Example Effects of Chord Angle on Circle Smoothness Send a reset to end the job 20-28The Vector Group LTCI5 RT, Relative Arc Three Point LA, Line Attributes EW, Edge WedgeWG, Fill Wedge SC, Scale 20-30The Vector Group PA, Plot Absolute PR, Plot Relative PD, Pen Down PU, Pen Up Line Attributes Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModePD, Pen Down 20-32The Vector Group 20 Example Using the Pen Down Command Polyline Encoded Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes LT, Line Type PW, Pen Width SM, Symbol ModeCoordinate 20-34The Vector Group Command. Also, you must use a semicolon to terminate PEPE, Polyline Encoded Flag Character ‘’, ‘’, ‘’, ‘=’, or ‘7’ Flag Meaning Description 20-36The Vector Group PE while in polygon mode, the Select Pen command is ignoredValue Format Range Pen number Integer Number of fractional binary bits 26 to You are encoding fractional data otherwise, begin with step Or base 32 equivalent 7-bit mode24 Procedure to encode a number Fraction adjustment. If you are Else = 2 × absx + = round10,525 If x ≥ = 2 × Range Type Non-terminator Terminator 26 Procedure for determining base range25 Terminator and non-terminator characters 20-40The Vector Group Next order digit 64ths place 63 + 8 = CHR$ MOD 64 = n.AND.63. The number is logically ANDd with Example Using the PE CommandSpecify the next coordinate in absolute mode PA or PE= When converting and encoding data, note the following 20-42The Vector Group ‘‘260 Lprint ’’ PD, Pen Down Plot Relative PU, Pen Up Line Attributes 20-44The Vector Group Increments Current 30 to 2 30 No default UnitsPR, Plot Relative Coordinate 28 Example Using the PR Command 20-46The Vector Group Pen UpPD, Pen Down Polyline Encoded Line Attributes Last unmatched coordinate 20-48The Vector Group RT, Relative Arc Three PointChord angle Clamped real 31 Example Using the RT Command Relative Arc Three Point 20-50The Vector Group Current location, place the penAway, with an ending point 0,-1500 Plu from the beginning of the arc From the starting point of the arc 20-52The Vector Group Polygon Group Polygon Group Commands 21-2The Polygon Group Using the Polygon BufferMnemonic Command Name Pen to print HP-GL/2 images ?%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1Drawing Rectangles Example Drawing Rectangles 21-4The Polygon Group Example Filled Rectangles 1500,1000, you do not need to specify Just drawn. Since the previous RR commandDraw an edge around the rectangle that was Leaves its definition in the polygon buffer 21-6The Polygon Group Drawing Wedges PA2500,3500 Specify absolute plotting and move to location ClarificationExample Drawing Wedges 21-8The Polygon Group Example Filling Wedges and Circles Lines tilted at Wedge using the same centerPA2300,2500FT3, 75,45 Hatching--parallel lines, with 75 plu Drawing Polygons PR, Plot Relative PU, Pen Up RT, Relative Arc Three Point Drawing Subpolygons 21-12The Polygon Group Filling PolygonsEven/Odd Fill Method Filling Polygons Even/Odd Fill Method Non-Zero Winding Fill Method 21-14The Polygon Group Drawing Circles in Polygon Mode`Approximating Polygon Buffer Use Counting the Points in a Polygon 21-16The Polygon Group Counting the Points in a Circle or Arc Any two diagonally opposite corners EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute 21-18The Polygon Group Example Using EA to Draw Rectangles Lower left corner at 105,65 21-20The Polygon Group EP, Edge Polygon 10 Example Using the EP Command 21-22The Polygon Group EA, Edge Rectangle Absolute Two diagonally opposite corners Are restoredER, Edge Rectangle Relative Starting point of the rectangle. Increments are interpreted 21-24The Polygon Group 12 Example Using ER to Draw Rectangles With the current pen location being one Upper right cornerA point 40,-25 user-units away as Opposite corner 21-26The Polygon Group EW, Edge Wedge 21-28The Polygon Group 17Anisotropic and Isotropic Scaling Radius -1000 sets the zero-degree 14 Example Using EW to Draw a Pie ChartAngle of 180. The minus sign before 21-30The Polygon Group Non-zero winding fill algorithm Even/odd fill algorithm defaultFP, Fill Polygon To be filled Chord angle. Close the current polygon Circle with a 500 plu radius and a 5 defaultExit polygon mode 17 Example Related Commands Group 21-34The Polygon Group PM, Polygon Mode CommandPM0 or PM Polygon Clamped Definition Integer Mode, earlier in this chapter for more details Polygon Mode Allowable Commands GroupDF, Default Values IN, Initialize AA, Arc Absolute 21-36The Polygon Group PM1 PM2 20 Example Using the PM Command 21-38The Polygon Group PM2FPEP RA, Fill Rectangle Absolute Coordinates Current units 230to 230 No defaultCommand includes an automatic pen down. When the command 21-40The Polygon Group 22 Example Using the RA Command with Different Fill TypesLower left corner and 800,1200 as Related Commands Group 21-42The Polygon Group RR, Fill Rectangle Relative Example Using the RR Command with Different 21-44The Polygon Group 24 Example Using the RR Command with Different Fill Types WG, Fill Wedge 21-46The Polygon Group 26Fill Wedge with Scaling WG, Fill Wedge 21-48The Polygon Group 26 Example Filling then Edging vs Edging then Filling Chart 27 Example When transparency mode TR command is opaque, filling thenCenter point of the above circle is located at 0,0 Following example illustrates this 21-50The Polygon Group FpepEpfp EW,Edge Wedge SC, Scale 21-52The Polygon Group Line and Fill Attributes Group Line and Fill Attribute Commands 22-2The Line and Fill Attributes Group Using Line Attributes and TypesWedges Line Types Attribute Commands Affectedby Line Types 22-4The Line and Fill Attributes Group Using Fill Types Fill Area Anchor Corner Selecting a Pen and Changing Line Width 22-6The Line and Fill Attributes Group AC, Anchor CornerExample Changing the Anchor Corner PA3000,3000 RR1000,1000 Rectangle ER1000,1000 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode 22-8The Line and Fill Attributes Group Fill Type Description Option1 Option2 FT, Fill Type 22-10The Line and Fill Attributes Group HP-GL/2Referenced from the positive plotter-unit X-axis, as shown +X-axis to the -Y-axis FT, Fill Type 22-12The Line and Fill Attributes Group HP-Defined Shading Patterns PCL Cross-Hatch Patterns Example Using the FT Command 22-14The Line and Fill Attributes Group Being the current pen locationUpper right corner 2500 plu to the right Same rectangle LA, Line Attributes 22-16The Line and Fill Attributes Group Attribute Kind Value Description Line Joins Line Ends 13Overlapping Line Ends without Line Join Selection 12Five Line Joins 14Miter Limit Miter Limit 22-20The Line and Fill Attributes Group Example Using the LA CommandPD3100,1900 Line to 3100,1900 ?%0A Enter the PCL mode LA1,4 Related Commands Group 22-22The Line and Fill Attributes Group LT99 Functional Parameter Format Range DefaultLine type Clamped integer Solid line Restores previous LT, Line Type LA,Line Attributes 11 Commands that Affect LT1 LT8AC,Anchor Corner 22-24The Line and Fill Attributes Group 12 Commands that Affect LT99 Percentages 22-26The Line and Fill Attributes Group 17Line Type Patterns and Pattern Percentages FT,Fill Type 18Fixed and Adaptive Line Types 22-28The Line and Fill Attributes Group AA,Arc Absolute Width Clamped real 32768 to Dependent Pen Integer Black PW, Pen Width 22-30The Line and Fill Attributes Group 14 Example Using the PW Command SV, Screened Vectors WU, Pen Width Unit Selection 22-32The Line and Fill Attributes Group RF, Raster Fill Definition 16 Example Creating and Printing a Fill Pattern Pen Number Represents a pixel in the pattern being definedIndicates its color black or white White 22-34The Line and Fill Attributes Group FT, Fill Type SV, Screened Vectors SM, Symbol Mode 22-36The Line and Fill Attributes Group 18 Example Using the Symbol Mode CommandSMZ Related Commands Group 22-38The Line and Fill Attributes Group SP, Select Pen Screentype Clamped 2, 21 No screening solid Integer WU, Pen Width Unit Selection TR, Transparency ModeSV, Screened Vectors 22-40The Line and Fill Attributes Group Description Option1 Option2Shaded Fill Shading Ignored Pattern Index Pen User-defined FT, Fill Type PW, Pen Width RF, Raster Fill Definition 23 Possible Error Conditions 22-42The Line and Fill Attributes Group TR, Transparency ModeParameter Format Functional Range Default Clamped integer Transparency mode is defaulted by the ?E Reset, IN, or DF 23Transparency Mode = OFF 22-44The Line and Fill Attributes Group UL, User-Defined Line Type 24 Example Using the UL Command 22-46The Line and Fill Attributes Group 26 Possible Error ConditionsWU, Pen Width Unit Selection PW, Pen Width 22-48The Line and Fill Attributes Group CP,Character Plot Moves the pen the specified Character Group CommandsRendered 23-2The Character Group Printing Labels 23-4The Character Group Example Printing Labels Absolute Arc Commands Updating Carriage Return Point to Current LocationMnemonic Command Name1 Moving to the Carriage Return Point Shift Out1 Relative ArcControl Code DecimalCode Backspace Horizontal tab Line feed Typeface HP-GL/2 Stick Default Label ConditionsSymbol Set Character Set Roman-8 Font Spacing Fixed Shift In2 Space 23-8The Character Group Enhancing LabelsCharacter Size and Slant Character Spaces and Text Lines Label Orientation and Direction Label Orientation and Placement 23-10The Character Group Define Variable Text Path Command Terminating Labels 23-12The Character Group Working with the Character CellCharacter Cell and HP-GL/2 Term Description Width Character Origin Character cell 23-14The Character Group Stick Font Character Cell Printing with Fixed-Spaced and Proportional Fonts Using Fonts 23-16The Character Group Fixed-Spaced Font Standard and Alternate Fonts Designating and Selecting Fonts 23-18The Character Group Kind Clamped No default Integer Value Kind dependent RealKind Characteristic Default Value Description AD, Alternate Font Definition FN, Select Secondary Font LB, Label FI, Select Primary Font 23-20The Character Group CF, Character Fill Mode Increases in proportion with the point size 23-22The Character Group CF1,1LBA Select character fill mode 1 edge and edgeBetween each line, with the lines set at a PR127,0 Move the pen position 127 plu to the right DI, Absolute Direction Related Commands Groups Control code is used Command to adjust the widthCP, Character Plot Space width is uniquely defined for each font use the ES 12Interaction of Label Direction and Parameter Sign 23-26The Character Group 10 Example Using the CP CommandSP1 Select pen number 1 black LINECR-LF LbaboveLINE$ CP0,-.95LBBELOW 23-28The Character Group Run or cos θ Clamped real 32768 to Rise or sin θ DI, Absolute Direction 23-30The Character Group 15Character Slope Rise and Run Illustration 16Effect of Horizontal and Vertical Text Paths 23-32The Character Group 18Label Print Direction Rise and Run Directioncr DI Command Label Direction14 Example Using the DI Command 23-34The Character Group DI-1,-1LB Print the same word in the third quadrantCarriage Return DI-1,1LB Print the word in the fourth quadrant 15 Example Another DI Example 23-36The Character Group 17 Possible Error ConditionsError Condition Printer Response Both parameters = Ignores command Number out of range DR, Relative Direction 23-38The Character Group 21Rise and Run Parameters 22Effects of Different Rise/Run Parameters 23-40The Character Group DR Command Label Direction Directional line, not necessarily on it ExampleUsing the DR Command 23-42The Character Group 20 Example Using the DR CommandDR,-1,-1LB1995 Set the label direction and print DR,-1,0LB1996 Set the label direction and print Related Commands Group 23-44The Character Group 22 Possible Error ConditionsDT, Define Label Terminator ETX Label terminator will print.# This command would print asLabel terminator will not print 23-46The Character Group DV, Define Variable Text Path 26Four Text Paths 28DV Command Character Position for Normal 90 Parameter 27DV Command Character Position for Normal 0 Parameter 24 Example Using the DV Command ExampleUsing theDV Command 23-50The Character Group CP, Character Plot ES, Extra Space 26 Example Using the ES Command%0B Enter HP-GL/2 mode Initialize HP-GL/2 mode SP1 23-52The Character Group Related Commands Group 23-54The Character Group ExampleUsing the FI CommandFI, Select Primary Font 28 Example Using the FI Command AD, Alternate Font Definition FN, Select Secondary Font 30 Example Using the FN Command ExampleUsing the FN Command 23-58The Character Group LBLaserJetPrinters Print LaserJet Printers in the currentlyFont Carriage Return/Line Feed Select the font LB, Label 23-60The Character Group 32 Example Printing Text with the LB Command Related Commands Group 23-62The Character Group LO, Label Origin 33Label Origin Positioning 34 Example Using the LO Command 23-64The Character Group Small circle dot, and specifyLabel origin number Text Path Label Origin Position is updated using an average delta X space 23-66The Character Group SA, Select Alternate FontDV, Define Variable Text Path LB, Label See table on next Commands. The choice of scalable or bitmap fonts can affectPerformance of the following HP-GL/2 commands SB, Scalable or Bitmap Fonts 23-68The Character Group AffectedCommandsCommand Limitation SD, Standard Font Definition Kind 1 Symbol Set 41 Kind 3 Pitch Values Kind 2 Font SpacingKind 3 Pitch 40 Kind 2 Font Spacing Values 42 Kind 4 Height Values Kind 6 Stroke WeightKind 4 Height Kind 5 Posture Medium, Book or Text 44 Kind 6 Stroke Weight ValuesStroke WeightValue Description Kind 7 Typeface ExampleUsing the SD Command 23-74The Character Group SI, Absolute Character SizeRight-to-left direction Stick font characters 46 Example Using the SI Command ExampleUsing the SI Command SI-.6,.9LBPrint# 23-76The Character Group SI.6,-.9LBPrint# SI-.6,-.9LBPrint# Related Commands Group 23-78The Character Group SL, Character Slant 49 Example Using the SL Command ExampleUsing the SL Command 23-80The Character Group DI, Absolute Direction DR, Relative Direction LB, Label SR, Relative Character Size Functional Parameter Format Range Default Appears normal An SR command remains in effect until another SR command isSet to default conditions They may look odd to your readers 51 Example Using the SR Command ExampleUsing the SR Command 23-84The Character Group SS, Select Standard Font 23-86The Character Group TD, Transparent Data TD, Transparent Data 23-88The Character Group Programming Hints 24-2Programming Hints PCL Command ParsingJob stream may contain commands that are device specific %-12345X Support PJL. The ECE command should be included to ensureDo not perform a printer reset within a job Job Control Text Area/Margins PCL Page ControlPaper Source Size Fonts PCL Cursor Positioning 24-6Programming Hints Using HP-GL/2 text PCL Raster Graphics 24-8Programming Hints Macros HP-GL/2 Vector Graphics Protection PerformancePrint Data Print Overrun Protection for the page size most often used Frequent cause of Error 21 when printing graphics is thatMemory on many HP LaserJet printers. One exception is Run End-of-Line Wrap Troubleshooting CommandsDisplay Functions Mode To enable end-of-line wrap mode, send EC&s0C Disable Display Functions Mode Enable Display Functions Mode 24-14Programming Hints Auto Continue Mode Error Common Errors 24-16Programming Hints CompuServe HP Forum Help From Your OrganizationHelp From Your Dealer Help from HP HP’s Personal Peripherals Assist Line HP DistributionHP First Faxback support Customer Support-3 Customer Support-4 Bound and Unbound Fonts Auto-ContinueAspect Ratio Baud Rate Character Descriptor ConfigurationConfiguration Menu Centronics I/O Current Active Position CAP DefaultControl Code Control Panel DTR Polarity Escape Sequence or PCL CommandFactory Default Downloading Font Header Factory Default EnvironmentFont Font Cartridge Buffer Interface ConnectorHorizontal Motion Index HMI Macro Internal FontsLandscape Logical Off-line/On-line MSL Master Symbol ListNegative angle of rotation Non-volatile RAM PCL Units PCL CommandsParallel I/O PCL Coordination System Units Primary Secondary Font PitchPoint Positive angle of rotation Print Environment Printer CommandsReset Portrait Rule ResolutionRobust-Xon Row Soft Font Stroke WeightSymbol Index Serial I/O Typeface Symbol SetUEL Universal Exit Language Command Treatment Unit of Measure User DefaultUser Default Environment User-Defined Symbol Sets VMI vertical motion index Vertical Motion Index VMI Index Symbols Index-18 Numerics Index-19 Index-20 Index-21 Index-22 Index-23 Index-24 Index-25 Index-26 Index-27 Index-28 Index-29 MSL Index-30 Index-31 Index-32 Index-33 Index-34 Index-35 Index-36 Index-37 VMI Index-38 Index-39 Index-40

Area Fill Graphics). It is duplicated here for convenience.